The history of the automobile goes

The history of the automobile goes back several hundred years. One of theearliest attempts to propel a vehicle by mechanical power was suggested by Sir IsaacNewton about 1680.However, the credit for building the first self-propelled road vehicle mustundoubtedly go to the French military engineer, Nickolas Cugnot. Between 1763 and1769 two steam-driven carriages were built and tried.In 1784 the Russian inventor Kulibin built a three-wheeled carriage. In hisvehicle he used for the first time such new elements as brakes, rollers and gear-box.The first Englishman to build a full-size self-propelled vehicle for use on theroads and to obtain practical results was Trevithick. Between 1798-1800 he builtseveral working models. Up to 1860 most all road vehicles were powered by steam engines, which ranat slow speeds. In 1860 Lenoir of Paris built an internal combustion engine, whichran on city gas, the gas being ignited by an electric spark. In 1866 Otto invented thetype of four-stroke cycle engine which is used today.Slowly but surely the auto industry is perfecting a number of alternatives to theconventional engines found in almost all of today’s passenger cars. Two prime factors lie behind the search for different engines - the necessity toreduce air pollution by requiring cleaner auto exhaust and the desire to produce carsthat will run farther on a gallon of fuel.While basic research is continuing on electric and steam-powered engines, itthe diesel, turbine and Stirling that are current industry favorites. Diesels get better mileage than gasoline engines, and the fuel is usuallycheaper. The disadvantages of diesels as passenger-car engines are slow performance,noise and smoke.All the companies investigating diesels are trying to reduce noise and smoke,but the problems are not yet entirely solved. Even the 28,000 dollar Mercedes clatterswhen started on a cold morning. And the warm up period for all diesels seems toolong to drivers accustomed to gasoline models. Experts say the the Stirling is the most promising among the three favoredengines.The Stirling concept, first offered more than 150 years ago by a Scottishclergyman, involves external instead of internal combustion. In 1816 Robert Stirlingpatented a new engine for pumping water out of mines and quarries. It could run onalmost any fuel. Unlike typical internal combustion engines, the Stirling engine is powered byheat from an external source. In the new design, hydrogen gas is heated by a burner,which can run on virtually all kind of fuel. Hydrogen then expands, enters onecylinder and pushes a sliding piston. As piston moves, it forces gas out of the otherend of the cylinder; the emerging gas is cooled and then moves towards an adjacentcylinder where heat is applied once more and the process is repeated. Engineers point out that a Stirling engine would be quieter than an equivalentinternal combustion engine, would emit less toxic gases, and would use fuel moreeconomically. Having no need for valves or cams, it would also have fewer parts. Stirling’s old dream might yet become reality - perhaps by the end of the twentiethcentury.Now, since experts seek fuel – saving, less – polluting alternatives to themodern auto engine, Striling’s machine has started a new life, they show greatinterest in the work of a giant Dutch electronics firm, which has tested Stirlingprototypes in boats, large pumps and even buses. In 1972 Ford signed an agreementwith the firm for joint development of a Stirling engine for passenger cars. As for electric cars, several types of small battery – powered vehicles are inproduction, but it is most unlikely that they will replace more conventional vehicles.Yet, there is still opinion in the auto industry that the conventional gasolinepowered engine – the type on almost universal used now – will continue to dominateuntil outside circumstances dictate otherwise.

Результаты (английский) 1:

The history of the automobile goes back several hundred years. Of the the One
EARLIEST Attempts to the propel the vehicle by a mechanical power WAS SUGGESTED by Sir by Isaac
Newton about 1680.


HOWEVER, the credit for building the first the self-propelled road the vehicle a must
undoubtedly! Go to the French military engineer Have, it Author Nickolas Cugnot. Between 1763 and
1769 two steam-driven carriages were built and tried.

In 1784 the Russian inventor Kulibin built a three- wheeled carriage. A His with In
the vehicle of He Used for the first time such new elements as with the brakes, rollers and gear-box.

First Englishman to of The the build a full-size bed the self-propelled the vehicle for use on the
Roads and to Obtain Practical results WAS Trevithick. Between 1798-1800 he built
several working models.


Up to 1860 all road vehicles will most Were powered by steam engines, the which ran
AT SLOW SPEEDS. In 1860 Paris You built of Lenoir an internal the combustion engine, the which
ran on o city gas, the gas being of Ignited by an spark The description electric. In 1866 Invented the Otto
of the type of four-cycle engine stroke of the which is today has been Used.
But Surely the Slowly auto the industry is perfecting a number of alternatives this is to the
Conventional engines found! In by Almost all of today has been's passenger cars.

Prime factors lie Two behind the search for different engines - the necessity to
reduce air pollution by requiring auto exhaust cleaner and the desire to produce cars
that will run farther on a gallon of fuel.
Basic research is the While Continuing on description electric and steam-powered engines, IT
the A diesel, turbine and Stirling That the industry are current favorites.


The get better the mileage Diesels than a gasoline engines, and the fuel is Usually
cheaper. Disadvantages of diesels of The as with the passenger-car-engines are SLOW performance,
noise and smoke.
Investigating the companies the All diesels are Trying to the reduce noise and smoke,
But the Problems view are not yet solved Entirely. The 28,000 dollar even the Mercedes clatters
the when the Started on a cold by morning. The warm up closeup And period for all diesels Seems of too
long to drivers become accustomed to a gasoline models The.


Say The the the Experts Stirling is the will most Promising for Among the Favored a three
engines.
The Stirling concept, first offered more than 150 by a ago years Scottish
clergyman, involves external instead of internal combustion. In 1816 Stirling by Robert
patented a new engine for pumping water out of Mines and quarries. Could the run on It
by Almost the any fuel.

Typical internal the combustion unlike engines, the Stirling engine is powered by
heat from an external-source. The new design with In, hydrogen gas is is heated by a burner,
the which CAN on the run Virtually all kind of fuel. Then expands Hydrogen, enters one
cylinder and pushes a sliding piston. Piston moves of As, IT Forces gas out of the OTHER
end of the cylinder; the emerging gas is cooled and then moves towards an adjacent
cylinder where heat is applied once more and the process is repeated.


Point out that Engineers a Stirling engine would be quieter than an equivalent
internal combustion engine, would emit less toxic gases, and would use fuel more
economically. Having no need for valves or cams, it would also have fewer parts.



Old's dream Stirling of might yet Become reality - Perhaps by the end of the Twentieth
century.
Now! Just, since experts the seek fuel - saving, less See - polluting the alternatives this is to the
modern auto engine, Striling's machine has the Started a new life:, for They show For great
Interest in the work of a giant Dutch electronics the firm, the which has tested Stirling
prototypes in boats, large pumps and even buses. In 1972 Ford signed an agreement
with the firm for joint development of a Stirling engine for passenger cars.

For description electric cars of As, Several types of small battery - powered vehicles are in
a production, But IT is for They will most Unlikely That will of the replace more Conventional vehicles.
By Yet, there is opinion You to still in the auto the industry That the Conventional a gasoline
powered engine - of the type on the Used by Almost universal now! Just - will of 'continue' to Dominate
until, outside Circumstances Dictate Otherwise.

Результаты (английский) 2:

The history of the automobile goes back several hundred years. One of the
Attempts to propel a vehicle by mechanical power were suggested by Sir Isaac
Newton about 1680.

However, the credit for building the first self-propelled road vehicle must
The French military engineer, Nickolas Cugnot. Between 1763 and
1769 two steam-driven carriages were built and tried.

In 1784 the Russian inventor Kulibin built a three-wheeled carriage. In his
He used for the first time such new elements as brakes, rollers and gear-box.

The first Englishman to build a full-size self-propelled vehicle for use on the
The results were Trevithick. Between 1798-1800 he built
Several working models.

Up to 1860 most all road vehicles were powered by steam engines, which ran
At slow speeds. In 1860 Lenoir of Paris built an internal combustion engine, which
ran on city gas, the gas being ignited by an electric spark. In 1866 Otto invented the
type of four-stroke cycle engine which is used today.
Slowly but surely the auto industry is perfecting a number of alternatives to the
Conventional engines found in almost all of today's passenger cars.

Two prime factors lie behind the search for different engines - the need to
reduce air pollution by requiring cleaner auto exhaust and the desire to produce cars
that will run farther on a gallon of fuel.
While basic research is continuing on electric and steam-powered engines, it
the diesel, turbine and Stirling that are current industry favorites.

Diesels get better mileage than gasoline engines, and the fuel is usually
It's not a The disadvantages of diesels as passenger-car engines are slow performance,
noise and smoke.
All the companies investigating diesels are trying to reduce noise and smoke,
But the problems are not yet solved entirely. Even the 28,000 dollar Mercedes clatters
when started on a cold morning. And the warm up period for all diesels seems too
long to drivers accustomed to gasoline models.

Experts say the Stirling is the most promising among the three favoured
It's not a
The Stirling concept, first offered more than 150 years ago by a Scottish
The woman involved externally instead of internal combustion. In 1816 Robert Stirling
A new engine for pumping water out of mines and quarries. It could run on
Almost any fuel.

Unlike typical internal combustion engines, the Stirling engine is powered by
heat from an external source. In the new design, hydrogen gas is heated by a burner,
which can run on virtually all kind of fuel. Hydrogen then expands, enters one
cylinder and pushes a sliding piston. As piston moves, it forces gas out of the other
End of the cylinder; The emerging gas is cooled and then moves towards an adjacent
Where heat is applied once more and the process is repeated.

Engineers point out that a Stirling engine would be quieter than an equivalent
internal combustion engine, would emit less toxic gases, and would use fuel more
It's not a Having no need for valves or cams, it would also have fewer parts.

Stirling's old dream might yet become reality - perhaps by the end of the twentieth
It's not a game.
Now, since experts seek fuel - saving, less - polluting alternatives to the
modern auto engine, Striling's machine has started a new life, they show great
Interest in the work of a giant Dutch electronics firm that has tested Stirling
Prototypes in boats, large pumps and even buses. In 1972 Ford signed an agreement
with the firm for joint development of a Stirling engine for passenger cars.

As for electric cars, several types of small battery - powered vehicles are in
But it is most unlikely that they will replace more conventional vehicles.
Yet, there is still opinion in the auto industry that the conventional gasoline
powered engine - the type on almost universal used now - will continue to dominate
Until outside circumstances dictate otherwise.

Результаты (английский) 3:

The author's history goes back seven years. One of the
earliest attempts to propel a vehicle by mechanical power was suggested by Sir Isaac
1680 n.
However，the credit for building the first self-propelled road vehicle must
Understubtedly go to the French military engineer: save money, book now! 1763 and
1769 two steam-driven carriages were built and tried.
In 1784 the Russian inventor Kulibin built a three-wheeled carriage. In his
vehicle he used for the first time such new elements as brakes，rollers and gear-box.
The first English man to build a full-size self-propelled vehicle for use on the
(a) measures taken at the national level 1798-1800 he built
several working models.
Up to 1860 most all road vehicles were powered by steam engines，which ran
at slow speeds. In 1860 Lenoir of Paris built an internal combustion engine，which
ran on city gas，the gas being ignited by an electric spark. In 1866 Otto invented the
Type of four stroke cycle engine which is used today
Slowly but surely the auto industry is perfecting a number of alternatives to the
conventional engines found in almost all of today'”s passenger cars.
Do these two preliminary factors go beyond finding different engines - need
reduce air pollution by requiring cleaner auto exhaust and the desire to produce cars
that will run farther on a gallon of fuel.
While basic research is continuing on electric and steam-powered engines，it
the diesel，turbine and Stirling that are current industry favorites.
Diesels get better millage than gasoline engines，and the fuel is usually
(laughter) The disadvantages of diesels as passenger-car engines are slow performance，
noise and smoke.
All the companies investigating diesels are trying to reduce noise and smoke，
But the problem has not been solved. even the 28000 dollar Mercedes clatters
When it starts on a cold morning. And all diesel seems
long to drivers accustomed to gasoline models.
Experts say the Stirling is the most promising among the three favored
(English only)
Stirling concept，first offered more than 150 years ago by a Scottish
(c) International Labour Organization (ILO). In 1816 Robert Stirling
patented a new engine for pumping water out of mines and quaries. It can run
almost any fuel.
Unlike typical internal combustion engines，the Stirling engine is powered by
heat from an external source. In the new design，hydrogen gas is headed by a burner，
which can run on virtually all kind of fuel. Hydrogen then expands，enters one
cylinder and pushes a sliding piston. As piston moves, its power comes from others
end of the cylinder；the emerging gas is cooled and then moves towards an adjacent
cylinder where heat is applied once more and the process is repeated.
Engineers point out that a Stirling engine would be quieter than an equivalent
internal combustion engine，would emit less toxic gases，and would use fuel more
(English only) There is no need for value or value, and it will also have a partial feel.
Stirling's old dream might yet become reality-perhaps by the end of the twentieth
(4 pesos)
Now, since experts seek fuel saving, less polling alternatives to the
Modern auto engine, strengthening's machine has started a new life
interest in the work of a giant Dutch electronics firm，which has tested Stirling
prototypes in boats，large pumps and even buses. In 1972 Ford signed an agreement
with the firm for joint development of a Stirling engine for passenger cars.
As for electric cars，several types of small battery-powered vehicles are in
They'll replace more conventional vehicles
Yet，there is still opinion in the auto industry that the conventional gasoline
powered engine-the type on almost universal used now-will continue to dominate
until outside circumstances dictate otherwise.