Причины экономического подъёма Голл

Причины экономического подъёма Голландии начала XVII в.
«Голландия - это одна из провинций Нидерландов, страны, расположенной на северо-западном побережье Европы. Провинции Нидерландов по своему экономическому развитию существенно различались. Уже вначале XVI в. наиболее развитой была южная часть (Фландрия, Брабант и др.), это старый район суконной и полотняной промышленности. В этих отраслях преобладала капиталистическая мануфактура рассеянного типа. Она развивалась в сельской местности, так как в городах ее распространение сдерживали цеховые ограничения. Центром южной части был г. Антверпен.
Северная часть Нидерландов (Голландия и Зеландия) отставала в экономическом развитии. Здесь были распространены рыболовство и судостроение. Голландские рыбаки ловили селёдку и поставляли ее в Европейские страны.
В этот период Нидерланды в Европе называли "страной городов", так как половина населения проживала в городах.
Дальнейшее развитие этой страны определили несколько факторов: во-первых, на территории северных Нидерландов практически не было феодализма, голландские крестьяне никогда не находились в крепостной зависимости. Причиной тому были природные условия - болотистая страна, феодалы не стремились захватывать это заливаемое морем, малопригодное для ведения хозяйства болото. Крестьяне же селились на этих землях, осушали болота, строили дамбы и отвоёвывали у моря землю, и, в конечном итоге, существенно расширяли территорию своей страны. Сельское хозяйство, не сдерживаемое феодальными отношениями, уже в XVI в. не было натуральным. Масло, сыр, овощи поступали на продажу в город. Отсутствие феодальных и цеховых ограничений сделали неизбежным перемещение экономических центров Нидерландов с юга на север.
Во-вторых, в результате ВГО произошло перемещение основных торговых путей из Средиземного моря на Атлантический океан. Поэтому экономико-географическое положение Нидерландов оказывается в этот период очень выгодным. Эта изначально морская страна оказалась в центре мировой морской торговли.
В-третьих, в XVI в. Нидерланды входили в состав испанских владений и подчинялись испанскому королю. Это позволило Нидерландам (особенно северным провинциям) участвовать в торговле с испанскими колониями, получая большие прибыли. Но к середине XVI в. отношения с Испанией ухудшились. Испанский король увеличил налоги с жителей Нидерландов, в результате отсюда в Испанию стало поступать доходов больше, чем из других заокеанских колоний. Затем в стране появилась испанская инквизиция, которая все сильнее стала притеснять представителей новых религиозных течений, появившихся тогда в Европе. Проведение массовых казней Главой испанской администрации и введение нового торгового налога (1/10 часть стоимости любого товара при его продаже изымалась в казну Испании) переполнили чашу терпения.
В Нидерландах в 1566 г. началась освободительная война против господства Испании. По тем преобразованиям, которые были сделаны в результате этой борьбы, она представляла собой буржуазную революцию. Испанская колониальная администрация сдерживала экономическое развитие страны и угнетала население. Результатом войны стал распад Нидерландов на Южные, оставшиеся в составе Испанской империи, и Северные, провозгласившие себя Республикой Соединённых провинций Нидерландов. Наиболее значительной из них была Голландия, поэтому и новое государство чаще всего называли Голландия. В южной части Нидерландов революция потерпела поражение, здесь сохранилось господство Испании (в последствие это будет Бельгия).[2, с. 49-50] 

Результаты (английский) 1:

The reasons for the economic uplift of Holland beginning of 17th century."Holland is one of the provinces of the Netherlands, a country located on the North West coast of Europe. Provinces of the Netherlands for their economic development vary considerably. Already at the beginning of the 16th century was the most developed southern part (Flanders, Brabant, etc.), this is the old district of cloth and linen industries. These industries dominated the capitalist factory diffused type. It evolved in rural areas as in cities, distributing it constrained Guild restrictions. Center of the southern part was Antwerp.The northern part of the Netherlands (Holland and Zeeland) behind in economic development. Here were the common fisheries and shipbuilding. Dutch fishermen caught herring and delivered it in European countries.During this period, the Netherlands in Europe called "country", since half the population lived in cities.Further development of this country have identified several factors: firstly, in the territory of the northern Netherlands was virtually no feudalism, Dutch farmers have never been in serfdom. The reason for this were the natural conditions-and marshland country, feudal lords sought to capture this zalivaemoe sea, which is not very suitable for farming of the swamp. Farmers settled on these lands, drained swamps, built dams and d from the sea land and, ultimately, significantly expanded its territory. Agriculture, uncontained feudal relations, already in the 16th century it was not natural. Butter, cheese, vegetables to sell in the city. The absence of feudal and Guild restrictions made the inevitable move economic centers of the Netherlands from South to North.Secondly, as a result of moving major trade occurred GED routes from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic Ocean. Therefore, economic and geographical position of the Netherlands in this period turns out to be very profitable. This was originally a maritime country found itself in the center of a global maritime trade.Thirdly, in the 16th century Netherlands formed part of the Spanish possessions and were subject to the Spanish King. This allowed the Netherlands (especially northern provinces) to participate in the trade with Spanish colonies, getting a big profit. But by the mid-16th century relations with Spain deteriorated. Spanish King increased taxes from inhabitants of the Netherlands, as a result away to Spain was to do more than the income from other overseas colonies. Then from the Spanish Inquisition, which appeared increasingly began to harass representatives of new religious movements that have emerged in Europe. Carrying out mass executions by the head of the Spanish administration and the introduction of new trade tax (1/10 part of the cost of any commodity when its sale was in coffers of Spain) overflowed the cup of patience.In the Netherlands, in 1566, started a war against the domination of Spain. On the changes that were made as a result of this struggle, she was a bourgeois revolution. Spanish colonial administration held back the economic development of the country and oppresses people. The result of the war was the collapse of the Netherlands to the South, remaining composed of the Spanish Empire, and Northern, self-proclaimed Republic of the United Provinces of the Netherlands. The most significant of these was Holland, so a new State often called Holland. In the southern part of the Netherlands, the revolution was defeated, it survived the domination of Spain (in consequence of it will be Belgium). [2, p. 49-50]

Результаты (английский) 2:

Reasons for economic recovery in the early XVII of Holland.
"Holland - is one of the provinces of the Netherlands, a country located in the north-west coast of Europe. The provinces of the Netherlands in terms of economic development differ considerably. Already at the beginning of the XVI century. was the most developed southern part (Flanders, Brabant et al.), it is the old district of cloth and linen industry. In these industries dominated capitalist manufacture scattered type. It developed in rural areas as in cities dissemination restrained guild restrictions. Centre was the southern part of Antwerp.
The northern part of the Netherlands (Holland and Zeeland) lagged behind in economic development. There were widespread fishing and shipbuilding. Dutch fishermen caught herring and delivers it to the European countries.
In this period the Netherlands in Europe, called the "country towns", as half of the population lives in urban areas.
The further development of this country have identified several factors: first, on the territory of the northern Netherlands, there was virtually no feudalism, Dutch farmers have never been in bondage. This was due to natural conditions - swampy country, the feudal lords did not seek to grasp it floods the sea unsuitable for farming swamp. The peasants settled on these lands, drained swamps, built dams and otvoёvyvali the sea ground and, ultimately, greatly expands the territory of its country. Agriculture, not suppressed feudal relations, already in the XVI century. It was not natural. Butter, cheese, vegetables arrived for sale in the city. The absence of feudal and guild restrictions made ​​the inevitable displacement of economic centers in the Netherlands from north to south.
Second, as a result of the movement of UCO was the main trade routes from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic Ocean. Therefore, economic and geographical position of the Netherlands in this period is very beneficial. This was originally a maritime country has become the focus of world maritime trade.
Third, in the XVI century. Netherlands were part of the Spanish possessions and submitted to the Spanish king. This allowed the Netherlands (especially the northern provinces) to engage in trade with the Spanish colonies to gain more profits. But by the middle of the XVI century. relations with Spain deteriorated. Spanish King increased taxes from residents of the Netherlands, as a result here in Spain began to receive income more than the other overseas colonies. Then, in the country there was the Spanish Inquisition, which became increasingly harass the representatives of new religious movements, then emerged in Europe. Carrying out mass executions by the Head of the Spanish administration and the introduction of new trade tax (1/10 of the cost of any product when sold to the Treasury of Spain was withdrawn), fill up the cup.
In the Netherlands, in 1566 began the war of liberation against the domination of Spain. For the reforms that have been made ​​as a result of this struggle, it was a bourgeois revolution. The Spanish colonial administration held back the economic development of the country and oppress the population. The result was the collapse of the war in the South of the Netherlands, to remain part of the Spanish Empire, and Northern, self-proclaimed Republic of the United Provinces of the Netherlands. The most significant of these was the Netherlands, and therefore a new state often called Holland. In the southern part of the Netherlands revolution was defeated, there remained the domination of Spain (in the latter it will be Belgium). [2, p. 49-50] 

Результаты (английский) 3:

reasons for the economic recovery of holland early xvii century.
"holland is one of the provinces of the netherlands, a country located on the north west coast of europe.the province of the netherlands for its economic development varied significantly. already at the beginning of xvi. the most advanced was the southern part of flanders, brabant and etc.), this is an old district суконной and полотняной industry.in these industries, the dominant capitalist stage of type. it developed in the rural areas, so as to inhibit its proliferation of urban цеховые restrictions. the center of the south was mr..antwerp.
the northern part of the netherlands (holland and zeeland) lags behind in economic development. here are fishing and shipbuilding.dutch fishermen caught селёдку and sold it in european countries. during this period, the netherlands in europe called "country town", as half the population lived in urban areas.further development of this country have identified several factors: first, in the territory of the northern netherlands virtually no feudalism, dutch farmers are never serf dependence.the reason for this was the natural conditions of the marshy country, feudal lords did not try to capture it заливаемое sea малопригодное for management of the swamp. the peasants were settled on these lands, осушали swampbuilt dams and отвоёвывали sea land, and, ultimately, significantly expanded the territory of their country. agriculture, pent up феодальными relations already in the 16th. was not natural. butter, cheese,vegetables have been on sale in the city. the lack of feudal and production limitations made the inevitable transfer of economic centres in the netherlands from the south to the north. secondly,as a result вго occurred displacement of main trade routes from the mediterranean sea to the atlantic ocean. therefore, the economic geographical position, the netherlands is in this period of very favorable.this was originally the country has become the focus of world maritime trade. thirdly, in the 16th. the netherlands participated in the spanish dominions and to the spanish king.this allowed the netherlands (especially the northern provinces) to trade with the spanish colonies, earning large profits. but by the middle of the 16th. relations with spain worsened.the king of spain increased taxes from residents of the netherlands, as a result of here in spain have been an income more than from other overseas colonies. then there was the spanish inquisition.which increasingly became violent members of new religious movements that emerged in europe.the mass executions of the head of the spanish administration and the introduction of a new sales tax (1 / 10 of the price of any product in the sale on the treasury of spain) переполнили keg.
in the netherlands, in 1566. started the liberation war against the rule of spain. the changes that were made as a result of this struggle, she was a bourgeois revolution.the spanish colonial administration, constrained the economic development of the country and was tilted against the population. the result of the war was the fall of the netherlands to the south, the rest of the spanish empire, and to the north.провозгласившие itself the republic of the united provinces of the netherlands. the most significant of these was the netherlands, however, and a new state, often called the netherlands.in the southern part of the netherlands, the revolution was defeated, there is still a dominance of spain (in consequence of this will be belgium). [2. 49 - 50]