The R-36 (Russian: Р-36) is a famil

The R-36 (Russian: Р-36) is a family of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and space launch vehicles designed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War. The original R-36 was deployed under the GRAU index 8K67 and was given the NATO reporting name SS-9 Scarp. It was able to carry three warheads and was the first Soviet MIRV (multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle) missile. The later version, the R-36M was produced under the GRAU designations 15A14 and 15A18 and was given the NATO reporting name SS-18 Satan. This missile was viewed by certain U.S. analysts as giving the Soviet Union first strike advantage over the U.S., particularly because of its rapid silo-reload ability, very heavy throw weight and extremely large number of re-entry vehicles. Some versions of the R-36M were deployed with 10 warheads and up to 40 penetration aids and the missile's high throw-weight made it theoretically capable of carrying more warheads or penetration aids. Contemporary U.S. missiles, such as the Minuteman III, carried up to three warheads at most. Russia intends to replace the R-36 with a new heavy ICBM, the RS-28 Sarmat.
Description
The R-36 (SS-9) is a two-stage rocket powered by a liquid bipropellant, with UDMH as fuel and nitrogen tetroxide as an oxidizer. It carries one of two types of re-entry vehicles (RVs) developed especially for this missile:
• SS-9 Mod 1 single nuclear warhead of 18 megatons TNT,
• SS-9 Mod 2 single nuclear warhead of 25 megatons TNT.
R-36ORB
The development of the R-36 missile complex for use with the 8К69 (termed Fractional Orbital Bombardment System in the West, NATO reporting name SS-9 Mod 3) began on April 16, 1962. Such a missile provided some advantages over a conventional ICBM. The range is limited only by the parameters of the orbit that the re-entry vehicle has been placed into, and the re-entry vehicle may come from either direction, compelling the enemy to build considerably more expensive anti-missile systems. Due to the possibility of placing the warhead in orbit and keeping it there for some time, it is possible to reduce the time required to strike to just a few minutes. It is also much more difficult to predict where the warhead will land, since while the re-entry vehicle is on orbit, it is a very small object with few distinguishing marks and is hard to detect. Moreover, since the warhead can be commanded to land anywhere along the orbit's ground track, even detecting the warhead while it is in orbit does not allow accurate prediction of its intended target.
Early R-36s used radio ground guidance on the reasoning that it would be more accurate than inertial guidance, however, the engineers eventually scrapped this when they decided that inertial guidance was good enough.
The structure and design of the fractional orbit bombardment system were similar to a conventional R-36 ICBM system. The main design difference from a conventional ICBM was in the design of the re-entry vehicle, which is fitted with a single 2.4 Mt warhead, a de-orbit engine, and control block. The control system independently uses inertial guidance and a radar altimeter which measure orbit parameters twice, once at the beginning of the orbital trajectory and again just before the firing of engines for de-orbiting. The silo launcher and command point were hardened against a nuclear blast.
The Soviet Union constructed two surface pads at Baikonur for R-36 tests at LC-67/1 and LC-67/2, and six silos (two at LC-80 and one each at LC-140, LC-141, and LC-142).
The first launch of an R-36 took place on September 28, 1963 and ended ignominiously when the missile lost thrust one second after liftoff and fell back onto the pad, exploding. This debacle led to program director V.P. Petrov being fired and replaced by V.N. Soloviev. LC-67/1 was repaired and the next test took place successfully on December 3. Subsequent testing went better, however, LC-80/1 had to be rebuilt following another launch accident on January 13, 1965. Two months later, an R-36 caught fire during propellant loading on LC-67/1 and exploded, putting the pad out of commission for nine months. During test launch #17 (October 10, 1964), the warhead was retrieved with a parachute. Flight tests of the rocket were completed by May 20, 1968 and on November 19 of the same year it entered service. The first (and only) regiment with 18 launchers was deployed on August 25, 1969. A total of 139 8K67s flew between 1963 and 1975 with 16 failures.
The USSR retired the R-36ORBs (8К69) from service in January 1983 as a part of SALT II treaty.
The Tsyklon series of civilian space launchers is based on the R-36orb (8К69) design.
R-36P
The R-36P missile (SS-9 Mod 4) carried three re-entry vehicles. As the original R-36, it was hot launched from the silo.
R-36M (SS-18) variants
The R-36M (SS-18) is similar to the R-36 in design, but has the capacity to mount a MIRV payload of 10 warheads, each with a 550–750 kt yield, or a single warhe

Результаты (английский) 1:

The R-36 (Russian: p-36) is a family of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and space launch vehicles designed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War. The original R-36 was deployed under the GRAU index 8K67 and was given the NATO reporting name SS-9 Scarp. It was able to carry three warheads and was the first Soviet MIRV (multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle) missile. The later version, the R-36 m was mass-produced under the GRAU designations 15A14 and 15A18 and was given the NATO reporting name SS-18 Satan. This missile was viewed by certain U.S. will as giving the Soviet Union first strike advantage over the U.S., particularly because of its rapid silo-reload ability, very heavy throw weight and extremely large number of re-entry vehicles. Some versions of the R-36 m were deployed with 10 warheads and up to 40 penetration aids and the missile's high throw-weight made it theoretically capable of carrying more warheads or penetration aids. Contemporary U.S. missiles, such as the Minuteman III, carried up to three warheads at most. Russia intends to replace the R-36 with a new heavy ICBM, the RS-28 Sarmat.DescriptionThe R-36 (SS-9) is a two-stage rocket powered by a liquid bipropellant, with UDMH as fuel and nitrogen tetroxide as an oxidizer. It carries one of two types of re-entry vehicles (RVs) developed especially for this missile:• SS-9 Mod 1 single nuclear warhead of 18 megatons TNT,• SS-9 Mod 2 single nuclear warhead of 25 megatons of TNT.R-36ORBThe development of the R-36 missile complex for use with the 8K69 (termed Fractional Orbital Bombardment System in the West, NATO reporting name SS-9 Mod 3) began on April 16, 1962. Such a missile provided some advantages over a conventional ICBM. The range is limited only by the parameters of the orbit that the re-entry vehicle has been placed into, and the re-entry vehicle may come from either direction, compelling the enemy to build extended considerably more expensive anti-missile systems. Due to the possibility of placing the warhead in orbit and keeping it there for some time, it is possible to reduce the time required to strike to just a few minutes. It is also much more difficult to predict where the warhead will land, since while the re-entry vehicle is on orbit, it is a very small object with few distinguishing marks and is hard to detect. Moreover, since the warhead can be commanded to land anywhere along the orbit's ground track, even detecting the warhead while it is in orbit does not allow accurate prediction of its intended target.Early R-36s used radio ground guidance on the reasoning that it would be more accurate than inertial guidance, however, the engineers eventually scrapped this when they decided that inertial guidance was good enough.The structure and design of the fractional orbit bombardment system were similar to a conventional R-36 ICBM system. The main design difference from a conventional ICBM was in the design of the re-entry vehicle, which is fitted with a single 2.4 Mt warhead, a de-orbit engine and control block. The control system independently uses inertial guidance and a radar altimeter which measure the orbit parameters twice, once at the beginning of the orbital trajectory and again just before the firing of engines for de-orbiting. The silo launcher and command point were hardened against a nuclear blast.The Soviet Union constructed two surface pads at Baikonur for R-36 tests at LC-67/1 and LC-67/2, and six silos (two at LC-80 and one each at LC-LC, 140-141, and LC-142).The first launch of an R-36 took place on September 28, 1963 and ended ignominiously when the missile lost thrust one second after liftoff and fell back onto the pad, exploding. This debacle led to program director V.P. Petrov being fired and replaced by V.N. Soloviev. LC-67/1 was repaired and the next test took place successfully on December 3. Suggested testing went better, however, LC-80/1 had to be rebuilt following another launch accident on January 13, 1965. Two months later, an R-36 caught fire during propellant loading on LC-67/1 and exploded, putting the pad out of commission for nine months. During test launch # 17 (October 10, 1964), the warhead was retrieved with a parachute. Flight tests of the rocket were completed by May 20, 1968 and on November 19 of the same year it entered service. The first (and only) regiment with 18 launchers was deployed on August 25, 1969. A total of 139 8K67s flew between 1963 and 1975 with 16 failures.The USSR retired the R-36ORBs (8K69) from service in January 1983 as a part of the SALT II treaty.The Tsyklon series of civilian space launchers is based on the R-36orb (8K69) design.R-36 pThe R-36 p missile (SS-9 Mod 4) carried three re-entry vehicles. As the original R-36, it was hot launched from the silo.R-36 m (SS-18) variantsThe R-36 m (SS-18) is similar to the R-36 in design, but has the capacity to mount a MIRV payload of 10 warheads, each with a 550-750 kt yield, or a single warhe

Результаты (английский) 3:

the r - 36 (english: r - 36) is a family of ballistic okay by my second and third missiles (ICBMs) and space launch vehicles designed by the soviet union, during the cold war. the original r - 36 was deployed under the GRAU index 8K67 and was given the nato reporting name ss - 9 Scarp. it was able to carry three warheads and was the first to MIRV (multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle) missile. the later version, the r - 36M was produced under the GRAU designations 15A14 and 15A18 and was given the nato reporting name ss 18 satan. this missile was political elite held by certain u.s. analysts as giving the soviet union first strike advantage over the u.s., particularly because of its rapid silo - reload ability, very heavy throw weight and extremely large number of re - entry vehicles. some versions of the r - 36M were deployed with 10 warheads and up to 40 penetration aids and the missile 's high throw weight made it theoretically capable of carrying more warheads or penetration aids. contemporary u.s. missiles, such as the Minuteman iii, carried up to three warheads at most. russia intends to replace the r - 36 with a new one ICBM, the rs - 28 Sarmat.descriptionthe r - 36 (s 9) is a two stage rocket powered by a liquid bipropellant, with UDMH as fuel and nitrogen tetroxide as an oxidizer. it carries one of two types of re - entry vehicles (RVs) developed especially for this missile.- ss - 9 mod 1 single nuclear warhead of 18 megatons tnt.- ss - 9 mod 2 single nuclear warhead of 25 megatons tnt.r - 36ORBthe development of the r - 36 missile complex for use with the 8к69 (number Fractional orbital Bombardment system in the west, nato reporting name ss 9 mod 3) began on april 16, 1962. such a missile provided some advantages over a conventional ICBM. the range is limited only by the parameters of the orbit that the re entry vehicle has been placed into, and the re entry vehicle may come from either direction, compelling the enemy to build considerably more expensive anti missile systems. due to the possibility of placing the warhead in orbit and keeping it there for some time, it is possible to reduce the time required to strike to just a few minutes. it is also much more difficult to predict where the warhead will land, since while the re entry vehicle is on orbit, it is a very small object with few distinguishing marks and is hard to detect. moreover, since the warhead can be commanded to land anywhere along the orbit's ground track, and detecting the warhead while it is in orbit does not allow accurate prediction of its intended target.the r - 36s used radio ground guidance on the reasoning that it would be more accurate than inertial guidance, however, the engineers would scrapped this when they decided that inertial guidance was good enough.the structure and design of the fractional orbit bombardment system is similar to a conventional r 36 ICBM system. the main design difference from a conventional ICBM was in the design of the re entry vehicle, which is fitted with a single 2.4 mt warhead, a de orbit engine, and a control block. the control system independently uses inertial guidance and a radar altimeter which measure orbit parameters twice, once at the beginning of the orbital trajectory and again just before the firing of engines for de orbiting. the silo launcher and command points were hardened against a nuclear blast.the soviet union constructed two surface pads at baikonur for r - 36 tests at lc 1 and lc - 67 / 67 / 2, and six silos (two at lc - 80 and one each at lc - 140 141, lc, and lc - 142).the first launch of an r - 36 took place on september 28, 1963, and ended ignominiously when the missile lost thrust one second after liftoff and fell back onto the pad, exploding. this debacle led to program director v.p. range being fired and replaced by V.N. Soloviev. lc - 67 / 1 was repaired and the next test took place successfully on december 3. subsequent testing went better with lc - 80 / 1 had to be defeat following its launch accident on january 13, 1965. two months later, an r - 36 caught fire during propellant loading on lc - 67 / 1 and exploded, putting the pad out of commission for nine months. the test launch # 17 (october 10, 1964), the warhead was retrieved with a boat. flight tests of the rocket were completed by may 20, 1968 and on november 19 of the same year it entered service. the first (and only) regiment with 18 launchers was deployed on august 25, 1969. a total of 139 8K67s flew between 1963 and 1975 with 16 failures.the ussr retired the r - 36ORBs (8к69) from service in january 1983 as a part of the salt ii treaty.the Tsyklon series of civilian space launchers is based on the r - 36orb (8к69) design.r - 36Pthe r - 36P missile (with 9 mod 4) carried three re - entry vehicles. as the original r - 36, it was hot launched from the silo.r - 36M (ss - 18) variantsthe r - 36M (ss - 18) is similar to the r - 36 in design, but has the capacity to mount a MIRV payload of 10 warheads, each with a 550–750 etc. yield, or a single warhe