Более ста лет назад итальянский вра

Более ста лет назад итальянский врач Чезаре Ломброзо создал галерею “преступных типов”, чем обессмертил свое имя. Он, например, утверждал, что покатый лоб, квадратный подбородок, грубые черты лица, длинные руки, и мускулистое телосложение говорят о врожденных преступных наклонностях. Понадобилось много лет, пока теория прирожденного преступника потеряла свое влияние. Тем не менее и в наши дни продолжаются споры о наследовании преступных качеств и о биологических предпосылках преступного поведения.
Послевоенный экономический рост породил у западных лидеров опасное заблуждение, что с любыми общественными проблемами можно справиться, проводя соответствующую социальную политику и увеличивая бюджетные отчисления. Тогда казалось, что, давая человеку больше благ, можно смягчить и даже изменить его природу.
В 1979 г. в Центре изучения близнецов и усыновленных детей в США начали наблюдать несколько сотен двойняшек и тройняшек. Все они были разлучены вскоре после рождения и воспитывались в разных концах Англии и Америки. Экспериментаторы исходили из предположения, что, если близнецы идентичные, все различия, возникшие впоследствии, следует отнести за счет разной среды обитания. Однако, исследования показали, что различия между детьми, воспитанными раздельно, и близнецами, росшими в одной семье, практически отсутствуют. Другое исследование, проведенное в Дании, показало, что дети преступников, даже если их воспитывать в домах законопослушных граждан, в большей степени склонны к конфликтам с законом, чем собственные отпрыски. Более того, есть все основания считать, что, если один из разлученных однояйцевых близнецов имеет судимость за уголовное преступление, второй рано или поздно тоже свернет на скользкую дорожку. Некоторые исследователи идут еще дальше и считают, что первопричина многих видов правонарушения, в первую очередь таких тяжких, как убийства, разбойные нападения, изнасилования и поджоги - не социальная, а биологическая.
Самый серьезный удар по “теории о среде” нанесла сравнительно молодая наука – социобиология. Исследования проводимые на животных показали, что у агрессивных обезьян уровень одного из гормонов – серотонина – ниже, чем у пассивных. Это, вполне возможно, относится и к человеку – у людей, совершивших преднамеренные насильственные преступления, тоже наблюдается недостаток этого гормона. Так кто же виноват: среда или генетика?

Результаты (английский) 2:

More than a hundred years ago, the Italian physician Cesare Lombroso created a gallery of "criminal types" than immortalized his name. For example, he argued that the sloping forehead, a square jaw, coarse facial features, long arms, and muscular physique suggests innate criminal tendencies. It took many years before the theory of the born criminal has lost its influence. Nevertheless, today there is debate about inheritance and criminal characteristics of the biological assumptions of criminal behavior.
The post-war economic growth has created the Western leaders dangerous misconception that any social problems can be overcome by conducting appropriate social policy and increasing budget allocations. Then it seemed that the man giving more benefits, can be alleviated and even change its nature.
In 1979, the Center for the study of twins and adopted children in the United States began to observe hundreds of twins and triplets. They were separated soon after birth and raised in different parts of England and America. Experimenters have proceeded from the assumption that if the twins are identical, any differences that have arisen subsequently, it should be attributed to the different habitats. However, studies have shown that differences between children reared separately, and the twins that grew in the same household, are virtually absent. Another study conducted in Denmark has shown that children of criminals, even if they bring up in the homes of law-abiding citizens are more likely to conflict with the law than their own offspring. Moreover, there is every reason to believe that, if one of separated identical twins has been convicted of a criminal offense, a second sooner or later, too, will turn on a slippery slope. Some researchers go further and believe that the root cause of many types of crimes, primarily those serious as murder, robbery, rape and arson - not social, and biological.
The most serious blow to the "theory of the environment" caused a relatively young science - sociobiology. Studies conducted on animals have shown that the level of aggressive monkeys one of the hormones - serotonin - is lower than the passive. It is quite possible, applies to a person - in people who have committed intentional violent crime, too, there is a lack of this hormone. So who is to blame: the environment or genetics?

Результаты (английский) 3:

more than a hundred years ago, an italian doctor cesare ломброзо created gallery "criminal types", which i've immortalized his name. he, for example, argued that the sloping forehead, square chin, coarse facial features, long arms,and muscular build, talk about the birth of do. it took many years before the theory of a born criminal lost its influence.however, nowadays, the debate on the inheritance of traits and biological conditions of criminal behaviour. the post-war economic growth offered western leaders dangerous fallacyas with any social issues can be addressed through appropriate social policies and increasing budgetary allocations. then thought that giving people more benefitscan alleviate and even change his nature.
in 1979. in the study of twins and adopted children in the united states began to observe a few hundred twins and triplets.they were all separated shortly after he was born and raised in various parts of england and america. the experimenters were based on the assumption that, if the twins are identical, differences emerged subsequently.should be attributed to the different habitats. however, studies have shown that the differences between children росшими provided separately, and the twins in the same family are almost non-existent. another studystudy in denmark found that children of criminals, even if they build houses of law-abiding citizens, they are more likely to conflict with the law as their own children. moreover, thethere is every reason to believe that, if one of the separated однояйцевых twins has a conviction for a criminal offence, the second early or late, will this road.some researchers go further and consider that the root cause of many types of offences, particularly serious as murder, armed robbery, rape and the burning is not social.and biological. "a major blow to" the theory of the environment "has a relatively young science, sociobiology. research on animals has shownthat aggressive monkeys of a hormone, serotonin is lower than that of passive. this probably applies to the person - people who have committed intentional violent crimealso, there is a shortage of this hormone. so who's to blame: environment and genetics.