Methods of phonological analysisThe

Methods of phonological analysis
The aim of phonological (phonemic) analysis is to determine phonemic (functional) and non-phonemic (articulatory) differences of speech
sounds and to identify the inventory of language phonemes.
The phonological analysis of both unknown languages and languages
already described can be fulfilled within two steps.
The first step which is especially important when investigating an unknown language is to identify the minimal segments of speech continuum
and record them graphically by means of allophonic transcription. 26
The second step is to arrange the sounds into functionally similar
groups in order to find contrastive phoneme sounds and allophones of the
same sounds.
There are two main methods of phonological investigation: the distributional method and the semantic method, but they get different interpretation in modern phonology.
I. According to the distributional method phonemes of any language
are discovered by rigid classification of all the sounds pronounced by
native speakers according to the following laws of phonemic and allophonic distribution:
— allophones of different phonemes occur in the same phonetic context and their distribution is contrastive;
— allophones of the same phoneme(s) never occur in the same phonetic context, their distribution is complementary and the choice
depends on phonetic environment.
Numerous examples seem to qualify this approach.
Thus in the opposition let —
pet —
bet all initial sounds are different
phonemes, because they occur in the same initial position before a vowel.
At the same time [t
h] and [t
o] in take and let present allophonic variants of
the same phoneme: [t
h] never occurs in the final word position and never
follows [s], while [t
o] never occurs initially before stressed vowels.
Still linguists find some lacks in this approach.
First, there are cases when two sounds are in complementary distribution, but are not referred to the same phonemes. For example, [h] occurs
only initially or before a vowel (heat) while [ŋ] occurs only medially or
finally after a vowel and never occurs initially (sing).
Then there is one more possibility of distribution besides contrastive
and complementary ones. These are free variants of a single phoneme
when both sounds occur in a language but native speakers are inconsistent in the way they use them (калоши-галоши).
Thus the distributional method doesn’t get a wide acknowledgement
in our home linguistics, because the distinctive function of the phoneme
is underestimated.
II. The semantic method is based on the functional rule that phonemes can distinguish words and morphemes when opposed to one an-27
other. It consists in the systemic substitution of one sound for another in
the same phonetic context in order to find cases in which such a replacement leads to the change of meaning. This procedure is called the commutation test and it helps to establish minimal oppositional pairs of words
and word-forms presenting different meaning.
For example, pin can be successively substituted for bin, sin, din, tin,
win, and each minimal opposition will present different meanings. But the
substitution of [p
h] for [p] in pin doesn’t bring about any change in meaning, though it’s wrong from the point of view of English pronunciation
norm. So it’s possible to conclude that [p], [b], [s], [d], [t], [w] are different
phonemes whereas [p
h] and [p] are allophones of the same phoneme.
Any phoneme of a language is opposed to another phoneme at least
in one minimal oppositional pair thus performing the distinctive function.
The phonemic structure of a language is established according to the system of oppositions, which include minimal pairs of word-initial, wordmedial and word-final positions.
N.S. Trubetzkoy has worked out the classification of phonological
oppositions which is based on the number of distinctive features. It concerns only relevant (distinctive) features of phonemes. The non-distinctive features are not taken into consideration.
1. A single phonological opposition is established on the basis of a single difference in the articulation of two speech sounds. For example,
the opposed phonemes in the minimal pair ‘pen
— ben’ possess some
common features (occlusive, labial) and one differentiating feature
(fortis vs. lenis).
2. A double phonological opposition marks two differences in the articulation and presents a sum of two single oppositions. For istance,
the minimal pair ‘pen
— den’ presents one common feature (occlusive) and two differentiating feature (labial vs. lingual, voicelessfortis vs. voiced-lenis).
3. A triple phonological opposition has three articulatory differences,
presenting a sum of three single oppositions. For example, there are
three differentiating features in the minimal pair ‘pen — then’ (occlusive vs. constrictive, labial vs. dental, voiceless-fortis vs. voicedlenis). 28
The semantic method is widely used in Russian and foreign linguistics, as it attaches great significance to meaning and concerns both articulatory and functional characteristics of phonemes.
A thorough investigation of the problems of phonemes, allophones and
phones and different metods of phonological analysis is given in the book
by M.A. Sokolova “Theoretical phonetics of the English language” [19].

Результаты (английский) 1:

Methods of phonological analysisThe aim of phonological (phonemic) analysis is to determine phonemic (functional) and non-phonemic (articulatory) differences of speech sounds and to identify the inventory of language phonemes. The analysis of both phonological unknown languages and languages already described can be fulfilled within two steps. The first step which is especially important when investigating an unknown language is to identify the minimal segments of speech continuum and record them graphically by means of allophonic transcribed. 26The second step is to arrange the sounds into functionally similar groups in order to find sounds and phoneme contrastive allophones of the same sounds. There are two main methods of phonological investigation: the distributional method and the semantic method, but they get different interpretation in modern phonology.I. According to the distributional method phonemes of any language are discovered by rigid classification of all the sounds pronounced by native speakers according to the following laws of phonemic and allophonic distribution:— allophones of different phonemes occur in the same phonetic context and their distribution is contrastive; are allophones of the same phoneme (s) never occur in the same phonetic context, their distribution is complementary and the choice depends on phonetic environment. Numerous examples seem to qualify this approach. Thus in the opposition or let- Pet- bet all initial sounds are different phonemes, because they occur in the same initial position before a vowel. At the same time [t(h)] and [(t)o] in take and let present allophonic variants of the same phoneme: [t(h)] never occurs in the word final position and neverfollows [s], while [to] never occurs initially before stressed vowels. Find some linguists still lacks in this approach. First, there are cases when two sounds are in complementary distribution, but are not referred to the same phonemes. For example, [h] occurs only initially before a vowel or (heat) while [ŋ] occurs only medially or Finally after a vowel and never occurs initially (sing). Then there is one more possibility of distribution besides contrastive and complementary ones. These are free variants of a single phoneme When both sounds occur in a language but native speakers are inconsistent in the way they use them (galoshes-galoshes). Thus the distributional method doesn't get a wide acknowledgement in our home, linguistics, because the distinctive function of the phoneme is underestimated. II. The semantic method is based on the functional rule that can distinguish words phonemes and morphemes when opposed to one an-27other. It consists in the systemic substitution of one sound for another in the same phonetic context in order to find cases in which such a replacement leads to the change of meaning. This procedure is called the commutation test and it helps to establish minimal oppositional pairs of words and word-forms, presenting different meaning. For example, the pin can be substituted for successively bin, sin, din, tin, win, and each minimal opposition will present different meanings. But the substitution of [p(h)] for [p] in pin doesn't bring about any change in meaning, though it's wrong from the point of view of English pronunciation norm. So it's possible to conclude that [p], [b], [s], [d], [t], [w] are different whereas phonemes [p(h)] and [p] are allophones of the same phoneme.Any of the phoneme of a language is opposed to another phoneme at least in one minimal oppositional pair thus performing the distinctive function. The phonemic structure of a language is established according to the system of oppositions, which include minimal pairs of word-initial, wordmedial and word-final positions.N.s. Trubetzkoy has worked out the classification of phonological oppositions which is based on the number of distinctive features. It concerns only the relevant (distinctive) features of phonemes. The non-distinctive features are not taken into consideration.1. A single phonological opposition is established on the basis of a single difference in the articulation of two speech sounds. For example, the opposed phonemes in the minimal pair ' pen — ben ' possess some common features (occlusive, labial) and one differentiating feature (fortis vs. lenis).2. A double opposition marks two phonological differences in the articulation and presents a sum of two single oppositions. For istance, the minimal pair ' pen — den ' presents one common feature (occlusive) and two differentiating feature (labial lingual, vs. voicelessfortis vs.-voiced lenis).3. A triple opposition has three articulatory phonological differences, presenting a sum of three single oppositions. For example, there are three differentiating features in the minimal pair ' the pen is then ' (occlusive vs. constrictive, labial vs. dental, voiceless-fortis vs. voicedlenis). 28The semantic method is widely used in Russian and foreign linguistics, as it attaches great significance to the meaning and concerns both articulatory and functional characteristics of phonemes.A thorough investigation of the problems of phonemes and allophones, phones and different metods of phonological analysis is given in the book by M.A. Sokolova "Theoretical phonetics of the English language" [19].

Результаты (английский) 2:

Methods of phonological analysis
of phonological The AIM (phonemic) analysis is to Determine phonemic (Functional) and non-phonemic (articulatory) differences of speech
sounds and to identify the Inventory of Language phonemes.
The phonological analysis of Both Unknown Languages ​​and Languages
​​Already Described CAN be Fulfilled Within two steps.
The first Step Which is Especially Important When Investigating an Unknown Language is to identify the segments of speech Minimal continuum
and record Graphically Them by Means of allophonic Transcription. 26
The Second Step is to Arrange the sounds into functionally Similar
groups in order to Find contrastive phoneme sounds and allophones of the
Same sounds.
There are two main phonological Methods of Investigation: the distributional semantic Method and the Method, But They Get Different Interpretation in Modern phonology.
I. ACCORDING to the distributional Method of phonemes Any Language
are Discovered by rigid classification of All the sounds pronounced by
Native speakers ACCORDING to the following Laws of phonemic and allophonic distribution:
- Different allophones of phonemes Occur in the Same Phonetic context and Their distribution is contrastive;
- allophones of the phoneme Same (S) never Occur in the Same Phonetic context, Their distribution is Complementary and the Choice
depends on Phonetic Environment.
Numerous examples SEEM to Qualify this Approach.
THUS in the Opposition Let -
Pet -
Bet All initial sounds are Different
phonemes, Because They Occur in the Same Position before initial vowel A.
At the Same time [T
H] and [T
O] in Take and present Let allophonic variants of
the Same phoneme: [T
H] never Occurs in the Final word Position and never
FOLLOWS [S], while [T
O] never INITIALLY Occurs before Stressed vowels.
Still Lacks some linguists Find in this Approach.
First, there are two Cases When sounds are in Complementary distribution, But are not the Same Referred to phonemes . For example, [H] Occurs
only INITIALLY A vowel or before (heat) while [ŋ] Occurs only medially or
finally after A vowel and never Occurs INITIALLY (Sing).
Then there is One more Possibility of distribution Besides the contrastive
and Complementary ones. These are free variants of A Single phoneme
sounds Occur When Both in A Language Native speakers But are inconsistent in the way They use Them (galoshes, overshoes).
THUS the distributional Method does not Get A Wide Acknowledgement
in Our Home Linguistics, Because the Distinctive function of the phoneme
is Underestimated.
II. The semantic method is based on the functional rule that phonemes can distinguish words and morphemes when opposed to one an-27
other. Consists it in the systemic Substitution of One sound for another in
the Same Phonetic context in order to Find Cases in Which such A Replacement Leads to the Change of Meaning. This procedure is Called the Commutation test and it Helps to Establish Minimal oppositional pairs of words
and word-Forms Presenting Different Meaning.
For example, pin CAN be successively Substituted for bin, sin, DIN, tin,
win, and each Minimal Opposition Will present different meanings. But the
Substitution of [P
H] for [P] in pin does not Bring About Change in Any Meaning, Though it's Wrong from the Point of View of English Pronunciation
norm. So it's Possible to conclude That [P], [b], [S], [D], ​​[T], [W] are Different
phonemes whereas [P
H] and [P] are allophones of the Same phoneme.
Any phoneme of A Language is Opposed to another phoneme at Least
One in Minimal oppositional pair THUS Performing the Distinctive function.
The phonemic structure of A Language is ESTABLISHED ACCORDING to the system of oppositions, Which include Minimal pairs of word-initial, word-wordmedial and Final positions.
Trubetzkoy NS has worked out the classification of phonological
oppositions Which is based on the number of Distinctive features. It concerns only relevant (distinctive) features of phonemes. The non-distinctive features are not taken into consideration.
1. A single phonological opposition is established on the basis of a single difference in the articulation of two speech sounds. For example,
the Opposed phonemes in the Minimal pair 'pen
- Ben 'Possess some
common features (occlusive, labial) and One differentiating feature
(fortis vs. lenis).
2. A double phonological opposition marks two differences in the articulation and presents a sum of two single oppositions. For istance,
the Minimal pair 'pen
- den 'Presents One common feature (occlusive) and two differentiating feature (vs. labial lingual, voicelessfortis vs.-voiced lenis).
3. A triple phonological Opposition has Three articulatory differences,
Presenting A sum of Three Single oppositions. For example, there are
Three differentiating features in the Minimal pair 'pen - then' (vs. constrictive occlusive, labial vs. dental, voiceless-fortis vs. voicedlenis). 28
The semantic Method is Widely USED in Russian and Foreign Linguistics, as it attaches great Significance to Meaning and Concerns Both articulatory and Functional Characteristics of phonemes.
A Thorough Investigation of the Problems of phonemes, allophones and
phones and Different metods of phonological analysis is Given in the book
by MA Sokolova "Theoretical phonetics of the English Language" [19].

Результаты (английский) 3:

Methods of phоnоlоgiсаl analysis
The аim of phоnоlоgiсаl (phоnemiс) analysis is to determine phоnemiс (functional) and non-phоnemiс (аrtiсulаtоry) differenсes of speech
sounds and to identify the inventory of language note.
The phоnоlоgiсаl analysis of both unknown languages and languages
will pop up desсribed can be fulfilled within two steps.
The first step which is important when espeсiаlly Ilf an unknown language is to identify the minimal segments of speech oft
and record them grаphiсаlly by means of аllоphоniс transcription. 26
The second step is to аrrаnge the sounds into funсtiоnаlly everything ...
groups in order to find соntrаstive phоneme sounds and аllоphоnes of the
recomposition event sounds.
There are two main methods of phоnоlоgiсаl investigation: the distributiоnаl method and the semantic method, but they get different interpretation in modern phоnоlоgy.
I. Aссоrding to the distributiоnаl method note of any language
Mware discovered by rigid classification of all the sounds prоnоunсed by
native speakers according to the following laws of phоnemiс and аllоphоniс distribution:
- Аllоphоnes of different note occur in the same context issues mentioned delivered lectures and their distribution is соntrаstive;
- аllоphоnes of the same phоneme(s) never occur in the same context issues mentioned delivered lectures, their distribution is complementary and the processes__LW_NL__all
suggests issues mentioned delivered lectures on environment.
Numerоus examples seem to Mario Dominguez this approach.
Thus in the оppоsitiоn let -
pet -