Все идет к тому, что люди будут мен

Все идет к тому, что люди будут менять органы в собственном теле, как запчасти в автомобиле. Сегодня врачи умеют пересаживать большинство органов: почки, легкие, сердце, печень, даже роговицу. Но для трансплантации органа непременно нужен донор – живой или мертвый. А доноров всегда меньше, чем людей, в них нуждающихся. И чем больше развивается трансплантология, тем острее дефицит органов. Но параллельно развиваются и клеточные технологии, которые позволят решить эту проблему.

Стволовые клетки, которые, созревая, превращаются в клетки любых тканей и органов, известны давно. В 2006 году японский биолог Синъя Яманака с помощью сложных генетических манипуляций (как будто повернул клеточное время вспять и зрелую дифференцированную)клетку вернул в состояние стволовой. Благодаря этой работе он прославился на весь мир и получил в прошлом году Нобелевскую премию. Получил вполне заслуженно: ведь если мы умеем получать стволовые клетки, то с их помощью можно ремонтировать поврежденные органы и даже выращивать новые.

Собственно, это уже вовсю делается. Например, в лабораторных экспериментах уже возможен частичный ремонт сердца. (когда стволовые клетки замещают ткань рубца после инфаркта. Для этого клетки рубца перепрограммируются с помощью специальных веществ, регулирующих активность генов и рост сосудов в области рубца, и со временем на его месте образуется здоровая сердечная мышца.) Методы превращения постоянно совершенствуются: в работе, опубликованной в Nature, авторы излагают способ получения большого количества стволовых клеток в тканях, причем не в пробирке, а в живом организме.

Еще перспективнее выглядят эксперименты по выращиванию целых органов в пробирке. Для этого, помимо стволовых клеток, требуется только каркас органа. Чтобы изготовить его, ученые из Главной массачусетской клиники поставили лабораторный эксперимент на крысах: взяли почку от одного животного и с помощью мыльного раствора удалили из нее все живые клетки. (Так получился «скелет» органа, состоящий из соединительной ткани. Этот скелет ученые заполнили стволовыми клетками от мыши-реципиента и поместили все это в раствор, содержащий все необходимые вещества.)

Со временем стволовые клетки заполнили пространство, и почка ожила. Ее даже удалось успешно пересадить крысе: орган из пробирки фильтровал кровь и производил мочу.

Результаты (английский) 1:

It all comes to what people would change bodies in one's own body, as spare parts in the car. Today doctors know how to repot most organs: kidneys, lungs, heart, liver, even the cornea. But for a transplant organ will certainly need a donor is dead or alive. And donors is always less than the people in need. And the more developing IVF, the sharper the deficit of bodies. But in parallel, develop and cellular technologies that will solve this problem.Stem cells, which turn into mature cells of all tissues and organs, known for a long time. In the 2006 year the Japanese biologist Shinya Yamanaka by using sophisticated genetic manipulation (as though cage turned back the clock and mature differentiated) cage returned to a State of stem. Through this work he became famous all over the world and received the Nobel prize last year. Got deservedly so: after all, if we are able to obtain stem cells that can be used to repair damaged organs and even grow new.Actually, it's already done. For example, in laboratory experiments is already possible partial heart repair. (when stem cells replace the scar tissue after a heart attack for this scar cells pereprogrammirujutsja with special substances that regulate the activity of genes and growth of blood vessels in the area of the scar, and eventually in its place formed a healthy heart muscle.) Transformation methods are constantly evolving: in work published in Nature, the authors outline a way to obtain a large number of stem cells in the tissues, not in vitro and in vivo.Another promising look experiments to grow whole organs in vitro. For this purpose, in addition to the stem cells, requires only the skeleton of the body. To make it, scientists from the main Massachusetts clinics put laboratory experiment on rats: took a kidney from one animal and using SOAP solution delete all living cells. (Turned out to be "skeleton" body, composed of connective tissue. This skeleton, scientists completed the stem cells from the recipient mouse and put it all in a solution that contains all necessary substances.)Stem cells eventually filled the space, and Bud came to life. It even has successfully transplanted rat in vitro: filter the blood and producing urine.

Результаты (английский) 2:

Everything goes to the fact that people will change the authorities in his own body, as the parts in the car. Today, doctors are able to transplant most organs: kidneys, lungs, heart, liver, cornea, even. But certainly need a donor for organ transplantation - alive or dead. A donor is always less than the people who need them. And the more developed transplantation, the acute shortage of organs. But parallel to develop and cellular technology that will solve the problem.

Stem cells, which ripen, transformed into cells of all tissues and organs have long been known. In 2006 a Japanese biologist Shinya Yamanaka using sophisticated genetic manipulation (like turning back the clock cell and mature differentiated) cells back to a state of the stem. Through this work, he became famous all over the world and won the Nobel Prize last year. I got a well deserved because if we can get stem cells, they can be used to repair damaged organs and even grow new.

Actually, this is already being done. For example, in laboratory experiments it is already possible partial repair of the heart. (. when stem cells are replaced with scar tissue after a heart attack to this scar cells reprogrammed with the help of special substances that regulate gene activity and the growth of blood vessels in the scar, and eventually formed a healthy heart muscle in its place.) transformation methods are constantly being improved: in the work, published in Nature, the authors describe a method of producing large numbers of stem cells in the tissues, not in vitro and in vivo.

Another look promising experiments on the cultivation of whole organs in vitro. For this purpose, in addition to stem cells requires only the frame body. To make it, researchers from Massachusetts General Hospital main laboratory experiments on rats: a kidney taken from one animal and using a soap solution removed from it all living cells. (So get a "skeleton" of the body, consisting of connective tissue. This Scientists skeleton filled with stem cells from the recipient mice, and put it all in a solution containing all the necessary material.)

Over time, the stem cells to fill the space, and kidney alive. She even managed to successfully transplanted rat: body of the tube to filter the blood and produce urine. It requires only body frame. To make it, researchers from Massachusetts General Hospital main laboratory experiments on rats: a kidney taken from one animal and using a soap solution removed from it all living cells. (So get a "skeleton" of the body, consisting of connective tissue. This Scientists skeleton filled with stem cells from the recipient mice, and put it all in a solution containing all the necessary material.) Over time, the stem cells to fill the space, and kidney alive. She even managed to successfully transplanted rat: body of the tube to filter the blood and produce urine. It requires only body frame. To make it, researchers from Massachusetts General Hospital main laboratory experiments on rats: a kidney taken from one animal and using a soap solution removed from it all living cells. (So get a "skeleton" of the body, consisting of connective tissue. This Scientists skeleton filled with stem cells from the recipient mice, and put it all in a solution containing all the necessary material.) Over time, the stem cells to fill the space, and kidney alive. She even managed to successfully transplanted rat: body of the tube to filter the blood and produce urine. (So get a "skeleton" of the body, consisting of connective tissue. This Scientists skeleton filled with stem cells from the recipient mice, and put it all in a solution containing all the necessary material.) Over time, the stem cells to fill the space, and kidney alive. She even managed to successfully transplanted rat: body of the tube to filter the blood and produce urine. (So get a "skeleton" of the body, consisting of connective tissue. This Scientists skeleton filled with stem cells from the recipient mice, and put it all in a solution containing all the necessary material.) Over time, the stem cells to fill the space, and kidney alive. She even managed to successfully transplanted rat: body of the tube to filter the blood and produce urine.