INTERPERSONAL ATTRACTIONThe questio

INTERPERSONAL ATTRACTION
The questions that often concern us most whenever we meet new people are: will they like us, and will we like them? Research has uncovered a number of factors that promote interpersonal attraction; although none of these factors will surprise you, each contains at least one unexpected twist (поворот).
To most of us, there is something undemocratic about the possibility that a person's physical appearance is a determinant of how others respond to him or her. Unlike character, niceness and other personal attributes, physical appearance is a factor over which we have little control. Hence, it seems "unfair"' to use it as a criterion for liking someone. And, in fact, surveys have shown that people do not rank physical attractiveness as very important in their liking of other people. (Tesser and Brodie, 1971).
But research on actual behavior shows otherwise (иначе). For example, a group of psychologists set up a "computer dance" in which each person was randomly (случайно) paired with a partner. At intermission each person filled out an anonymous questionnaire evaluating his or her date (= partner). In addition experimenters obtained several personality test scores for each person as well as an independent estimate (оценка) of his or her physical attractiveness. The results showed that only physical attractiveness mattered. None of the measures of intelligence, social skills, or "personality" were related to the partners' liking for one another.
However, in actual pairing off, people tend to end up with partners who closely match them in physical attractiveness (Berscheid and Walster, 1974).
223
If we cannot all he beautiful, some of us might he able to get on by our competence. The evidence, however, is mixed. It may he that some people arc just «too perfects and that when they commit some blunder (оплошность) they become more human in our eyes and, hence, more likable.
In an experiment to test this hypothesis, subjects listened to a tape recording of a college student trying out for the "College Bowl" [boul]. Some of the subjects heard a highly competent individual. He answered 92% of the very difficult quiz questions, modestly admitted that he had been an honour student, editor of the yearbook, and a member of the track (легкая атлетика) team. Other subjects heard an individual of average ability, one who answered 30% of the questions, had received average grades, been a proofreader (корректор) on the yearbook staff, and tried out for the track team but failed to make it. On half of the tapes, the individual committed an embarrassing blunder (оплошность) near the end of the interview. There was a clatter (стук), the scraping (скрип) of a chair, and the individual exclaimed, "Oh, my goodness, I've spilled coffee over my new suit! " Each subject was asked to rate the person heard. Blunder or no blunder, the superior person was liked better than the average one. But the superior person who committed a blunder was rated as more attractive than the superior person who did not; the blunder made the superior person more likable. The average person's image, however, was hurt (пострадать) by the blunder. He was rated as less attractive when he spilled coffee than when he did not (Aronson, Willerman, and Floid, 1966).
The hypothesis in this study was that a blunder makes the superior person more human, more like us, and thus more attractive. But if we think of ourselves as very superior, the blunder may not endear the superior person to us because it makes him or her less like ourselves, and hence, less likable. Or consider the opposite possibility; we have very low self-esteem and are attracted to those who can serve as an ideal
224
hero for us. Under this condition, blunders give our potential idols feet of clay*, and, hence, they again become less likable. To test these possibilities, the blunder experiment was expanded. Spilling the coffee again enhanced (усиливать) the attractiveness of the superior person, but only for subjects who had an average self-esteem. For those subjects with very high or very low self-esteem, the superior individual was less liked after his blunder. Thus, if you are perfect, you can expect to impress either other gods like yourself or those inferiors who are looking for someone to provide the admirable qualities they themselves lack (недоставать). But if you want to impress the rest of us, a little bit of awkwardness (неловкость) is advised.
The blunder study raises another question about attraction: do we like people who are similar to ourselves, or do "opposites attract?" It appears to depend on the dimensions of similarity being compared. There is a great deal of evidence that we prefer people who share (разделять) our beliefs, attitudes, and values. We tend to forget that some of our friends whom we consider very different from ourselves are often quite similar to us in terms of such variables as age, religion, education, and socio-economic class. Hundreds of statistical studies dating all the way back to 1870 show that husbands and wives are significantly similar to each other not only on these sociological characteristics, but also with respect to physical characteristics like height and eye colour and psychological characteristics like intelligence (Rubin, 1973). Thus, most evidence indicates that liking is positively correlated with similarity on most dimensions.
The saying that "opposites attract" may apply mainly to certain complementary traits. To take the most obvious example, one partner may be quite dominant and thus require someone who is relatively more submissive
*feet of clay глиняные ноги (consider the saying –колосс на глиняных ногах)
225
225
A person with strong preferences may do best with someone who is very flexible (гибкий). Note, however, that even in the case of complementary traits an underlying similarity of attitudes can often be discerned (разглядеть).
One of the more compelling reasons for liking people is their liking for us. We tend to like people who like us and to reject those who reject us. This is especially true when we need to be appreciated (ценить). In one study college women were approached by a good-looking man while they waited, one at a time, in a reception room to be in an experiment. After some conversation the man asked the woman for a date (свидание) for the following evening. In the subsequent experimental session, each woman was given information that would make her feel either positively or negatively about herself. After the experiment, she was asked to rate a number of people, including that "fellow whom you were waiting with". Women who had been led to feel negatively about themselves liked their male admirer significantly more than those women who had received favourable information about themselves. Temporarily put in a position of needing positive approval (одобрение), they gave more positive approval back to the person providing it.
If all else fails in our quest (поиск) to get someone to like us, the simple persistence might be our only recourse. There is a good evidence that sheer familiarity is pervasive determinant of liking, in one experiment Newcomb (1961) rented a boarding house and provided free room and board (пансион) to male students transferring to a university in exchange for participation in his study. In the first year of his study, Newcomb simply assigned (назначать) people to room at random (бессистемно). He verified that similarity among people is a strong determinant of liking. In the second year of study (with a different set of participants) half of the assignments paired men who were as different as possible from each other on a host of beliefs, attitudes, and values. The other half of the
226
assignments paired students who were highly similar. Newcomb expected similarity again to produce greater liking. But this is not how things turned out. Familiarity swamped (проглотить) everything. Regardless of whether low or high similarity had been the basis for room assignments, roommates came to be attracted to one another.
We can conclude this discussion of interpersonal attraction with the comforting thought that if you aren't beautiful, competent or similar to the one you wish to attract, be persistent.
2. Find the passage referring to competence factor and specify the correlation between a person's attractiveness and the observer's self-esteem.
3. Suggest other ways promoting interpersonal attraction.
XVII.

Результаты (английский) 1:

INTERPERSONAL ATTRACTIONThe questions that concern us most often whenever we meet new people are: will they like us, and will we like them? Research has uncovered a number of factors that promote in terpersonal attraction; Although none of these factors will surp rise you, each contains at least one unexpected twist (twist).To most of us, there is something undemocratic about the possibility that a person's physical appearance is a determinant of how others respond to him or her. Unlike character, niceness and other personal attributes, physical appearance is a factor over which we have little control. Hence, it seems "unfair" to use it as a criterion for liking someone. And, in fact, surveys have shown that people do not rank physical attractiveness as very important in their liking of other people. (Tesser and Brodie, 1971).But research on actual behavior shows otherwise (else). For example, a group of psychologists set up a computer dance "in which each person was randomly (by chance) paired with a partner. At intermission each person filled out an anonymous questionnaire evaluating his or her date (= partner). In addition the experimenters obtained several personality test scores for each person as well as an independent estimate (estimation) of his or her physical attractiveness. The results showed that only physical attractiveness mattered. None of the measures of intelligence, social skills, or "personality" were related to the partners ' liking for one another.However, in actual pairing off, people tend to end up with partners who closely match them in physical attractiveness (Walster and Berscheid, 1974).223 If we cant all u beautiful, some of us might not able to get on by our competence. The evidence, however, is mixed. It may he that some people just "too perfects arc and that when they commit some blunder (mistake) they become more human in our eyes and, hence, more likable.In an experiment to test this hypothesis, subjects listened to a tape recording of a college student trying out for the "College Bowl" [boul]. Some of the subjects heard a highly competent individual. He answered 92% of the very difficult quiz questions, modestly admitted that he had been an honour student, editor of the yearbook, and a member of the track team (athletics). Other subjects heard an individual of average ability, one who answered 30% of the questions, had received average grades, been a proofreader (Corrector) on the yearbook staff, and tried out for the track team but failed to make it. On half of the tapes, the individual committed an embarrassing blunder (gaffe) near the end of the interview. There was a clatter (knock-off), the scraping (squeaking) of a chair, and the individual exclaimed, "Oh, my goodness, I've spilled coffee over my new suit!" Each subject was asked to rate the person heard. Blunder or no blunder, the superior person was are better than the average one. But the superior of the person who committed a blunder was rated as more attractive than the superior person who did not; the blunder made the superior person more likable. The average person's image, however, was hurt (hurt) by the blunder. He was rated as less attractive when he spilled coffee than when he did not (Aronson, Willerman, Floid, and 1966).The hypothesis in this study was that a blunder makes the superior person more human, more like us, and thus more attractive. But if we think of ourselves as very superior, the blunder may not endear the superior person to us because it makes him or her less like ourselves, and hence, less likable. Or consider the opposite possibility; We have very low self-esteem and are attracted to those who can serve as an ideal224 Hero for us. Under this condition, the blunders give our potential feet of clay idols *, and, hence, they again become less likable. To test these possibilities, the blunder experiment was expanded. Spilling the coffee again enhanced (amplify) the attrac tiveness of the superior person, but only for subjects who had an average of self-esteem. For those subjects with very high or very low self-esteem, the superior individual was less are after his blunder. Thus, if you are perfect, you can expect to impress either other gods like yourself or those inferiors who are looking for someone to provide the admirable qualities they lack themselves (fails). But if you want to impress the rest of us, a little bit of awkwardness (embarrassed) is ill-advised.The blunder study raises another question about attraction: do we like people who are similar to ourselves, or do opposites attract? " It appears to depend on the dimensions of similarity being compared. There is a great deal of evidence that we prefer people who share (share) our beliefs, attitudes, and values. We tend to forget that some of our friends whom we consider very different from ourselves are often quite similar to us in terms of such variables as age, religion, education, and socio-economic class. Hundreds of statistical studies dating all the way back to 1870 show that husbands and wives are significantly similar to each other not only on these sociological characteristics, but also with respect to physical characteristics like height and eye colour and psychological characteristics like intelligence (Rubin, 1973). Thus, most evidence indicates that the is positively correlated with liking similarity on most dimensions.The saying that "opposites attract" may apply mainly to certain complementary traits. To take the most obvious example, one partner may be quite dominant and thus require someone who is relatively more submissive* feet of clay clay feet (consider the saying-feet of clay)225225 A person with strong preferences may do best with someone who is very flexible (flexible). Note, however, that even in the case of complementary traits an underlying similarity of attitudes can often be discerned (see).One of the more compelling reasons for liking people is their liking for us. We tend to like people who like us and to reject those who reject us. This is especially true when we need to be appreciated (to appreciate). In one study of college women were approached by a good-looking man while they waited, one at a time, in a reception room to be in an experiment. After some conversation the man asked the woman for a date (date) for the following evening. In the suggested experimental session, each woman was given information that would make her feel either positively or negatively about herself. After the experiment, she was asked to rate a number of people, including that "fellow whom you were waiting with". Women who had been led to feel negatively about themselves are their male admirer significantly more than those women who had received favourable information about themselves. Temporarily put in the position of needing a positive approval (approval), they gave more positive approval back to the person providing it.If all else fails in our quest (search) to get someone to like us, the simple persistence might be our only recourse. There is a good evidence that sheer familiarity is pervasive determinant of liking, in one experiment Newcomb (1961) rented a boarding house and provided free room and board (Board) to male students transferring to a university in exchange for partici pation in his study. In the first year of his study, Newcomb simply assigned (designate) people to the room at random (randomly). He verified that the similarity among people is a strong determinant of liking. In the second year of study (with a different set of participants) half of the assignments paired men who were as different as possible from each other on a host of beliefs, attitudes, and values. The other half of the226 students who paired assignments were highly similar. Newcomb expected similarity again to produce greater liking. But this is not how things turned out. Familiarity swamped (swallow) everything. Regardless of whether low or high similarity had been the basis for room assignments, location brilliant came to be attracted to one another.We can conclude this discussion of interpersonal attraction with the comforting thought that if you aren't beautiful, the compe tent or similar to the one you wish to attract, be persistent.2. Find the passage referring to the competence factor and specify the correlation between a person's attractiveness and the observer's of self-esteem.3. Suggest other ways promoting interpersonal attraction.XVII.

Результаты (английский) 2:

Interpersonal ATTRACTION
The Questions That Most Often Concern us Whenever we meet new people are: Will They like us, and we like Will Them? Research has uncovered a number of factors that promote in? Terpersonal attraction; although none of these factors will surp? rise you, each contains at least one unexpected twist (twist).
To Most of us, there is something undemocratic About the Possibility That A person's Physical appearance is A determinant of how others Respond to HIM or her . Unlike character, niceness and other personal attributes, physical appearance is a factor over which we have little control. Hence, it seems "unfair" 'to use it as a criterion for liking someone. And, in fact, surveys have shown that people do not rank physical attractiveness as very important in their liking of other people. (Tesser and Brodie, 1971).
But research on actual behavior Shows OTHERWISE (otherwise). For example, a group of psychologists set up a "computer dance" in which each person was randomly (by chance) paired with a partner. At intermission each person filled out an anonymous questionnaire evaluating his or her date (= partner). In addition experimenters obtained several personality test scores for each person as well as an independent estimate (estimate) of his or her physical attractiveness. The results showed that only physical attractiveness mattered. None of the Measures of Intelligence, social skills, or "personality" Were related to the Partners' liking for another One.
HOWEVER, in actual Pairing off, people Tend to end up with Partners WHO Closely Match Them in Physical attractiveness (Berscheid and Walster , 1974).
223
If we can not all he beautiful, some of us might he able to get on by our competence. The evidence, however, is mixed. It may he that some people arc just «too perfects and that when they commit some blunder (mistake) They Become more human in Our Eyes and, hence, more likable.
In an experiment to test this hypothesis, Subjects Listened to A tape recording of a college student trying out for the "College Bowl" [boul]. Some of the subjects heard a highly competent individual. He answered 92% of the very difficult quiz questions, modestly admitted that he had been an honour student, editor of the yearbook, and a member of the track (track and field) team. Other subjects heard an individual of average ability, one who answered 30% of the questions, had received average grades, been a proofreader (corrector) on the yearbook staff, and tried out for the track team but failed to make it. On half of the tapes, the individual committed an embarrassing blunder (mistake) near the end of the interview. There was a clatter (knock), the scraping (creaking) of a chair, and the individual exclaimed, "Oh, my goodness, I've spilled coffee over my new suit!" Each subject was asked to rate the person heard. Blunder or no blunder, the superior person was liked better than the average one. But the superior person who committed a blunder was rated as more attractive than the superior person who did not; the blunder made ​​the superior person more likable. The average person's image, however, was hurt (hurt) by the blunder. He was rated as less attractive when he spilled coffee than when he did not (Aronson, Willerman, and Floid, 1966).
The hypothesis in this STUDY WAS A blunder That Makes the Superior person more human, more like us, and THUS more attractive . But if we think of ourselves as very superior, the blunder may not endear the superior person to us because it makes him or her less like ourselves, and hence, less likable. Or consider the opposite possibility; we have very low self-esteem and are attracted to those who can serve as an ideal
224
hero for us. Under this condition, blunders give our potential idols feet of clay *, and, hence, they again become less likable. To test these possibilities, the blunder experiment was expanded. Spilling the coffee again enhanced (strengthen) the attrac? Tiveness of the superior person, but only for subjects who had an average self-esteem. For those subjects with very high or very low self-esteem, the superior individual was less liked after his blunder. Thus, if you are perfect, you can expect to impress either other gods like yourself or those inferiors who are looking for someone to provide the admirable qualities they themselves lack (lacking). But if you want to impress the rest of us, a little bit of awkwardness (awkward) is advised.
The blunder STUDY Raises another question About attraction: do we like people are Similar to WHO by ourselves, or do "Opposites Attract?" It appears to depend on the dimensions of similarity being compared. There is a great deal of evidence that we prefer people who share (share) our beliefs, attitudes, and values. We tend to forget that some of our friends whom we consider very different from ourselves are often quite similar to us in terms of such variables as age, religion, education, and socio-economic class. Hundreds of statistical studies dating all the way back to 1870 show that husbands and wives are significantly similar to each other not only on these sociological characteristics, but also with respect to physical characteristics like height and eye colour and psychological characteristics like intelligence (Rubin, 1973 ). THUS, Most Evidence Indicates That is liking Positively Correlated with similarity on Most dimensions.
The Saying That "Opposites Attract" May Mainly apply to Certain Complementary traits. To Take the Most Obvious example, One partner May be quite dominant and THUS require someone WHO is Relatively more submissive
* feet of clay feet of clay (consider the saying -koloss feet of clay)
225
225
A person with strong preferences may do best with someone who is very flexible (floppy). Note, however, that even in the case of complementary traits an underlying similarity of attitudes can often be discerned (see).
One of the more compelling Reasons for liking people is Their liking for us. We tend to like people who like us and to reject those who reject us. This is especially true when we need to be appreciated (appreciate). In one study college women were approached by a good-looking man while they waited, one at a time, in a reception room to be in an experiment. After some conversation the man asked the woman for a date (date) for the following evening. In the subsequent experimental session, each woman was given information that would make her feel either positively or negatively about herself. After the experiment, she was asked to rate a number of people, including that "fellow whom you were waiting with". Women who had been led to feel negatively about themselves liked their male admirer significantly more than those women who had received favourable information about themselves. Temporarily put in a position of needing positive approval (approval), They Gave more positive approval back to the person providing it.
If All else fails in Our Quest (search) to get someone to like us, the simple persistence might be our only recourse . There is a good evidence that sheer familiarity is pervasive determinant of liking, in one experiment Newcomb (1961) rented a boarding house and provided free room and board (board) to male students transferring to a university in exchange for partici? Pation in his study . In the first year of his study, Newcomb simply assigned (assign) people to room at random (haphazardly). He verified that similarity among people is a strong determinant of liking. In the second year of study (with a different set of participants) half of the assignments paired men who were as different as possible from each other on a host of beliefs, attitudes, and values. The other half of the
226
assignments paired students who were highly similar. Newcomb expected similarity again to produce greater liking. But this is not how things turned out. Familiarity swamped (swallow) everything. Regardless of Whether low or High similarity HAD Been the basis for Room Assignments, roommates CAME to be Attracted to One another.
We conclude this discussion CAN of interpersonal attraction with the comforting Thought That if you are not beautiful, Compe? Tent or Similar to the one you wish to attract, be persistent.
2. Find the passage referring to competence factor and specify the correlation between a person's attractiveness and the observer's self-esteem.
3. Suggest Other ways Promoting interpersonal attraction.
XVII.