2.2. Торговля, финансы и кредит«Усп

2.2. Торговля, финансы и кредит
«Успехи в развитии сельского хозяйства и промышленности явились основой развития голландской торговли. Наиболее важную роль в голландской экономике играл товарообмен с балтийскими странами, поставлявшими Голландии хлеб, лес и металлы и являвшимися рынком сбыта для голландской сельди, полотна, сукна и сыра. Первоначально в ее общем обороте посредническая торговля не имела решающего значения. Но уже в XVI в. огромные барыши, которые приносила посредническая торговля в силу значительной разницы в ценах на рынках различных европейских стран, привлекали в эту отрасль основные капиталы голландской буржуазии. Видное место в ее доходах занимал судовой фрахт. При плохом состоянии сухопутных дорог в Европе торговый флот Голландии, насчитывавший около 15 тыс. кораблей, играл в XVII в. первостепенную роль в развитии международных торговых сношений.
Голландские купцы и судовладельцы -- морские извозчики Европы, как их тогда называли, -- сочетали перевозку чужих товаров с посредническими операциями. К середине XVII столетия они сосредоточили в своих руках почти всю торговлю между северными и южными странами Европы. Зерно, закупленное в Прибалтике, голландцы перепродавали на рынках средиземноморских стран; немецкие вина, изделия французских мануфактур и ремёсел, фрукты из Испании и колониальные товары попадали в Северную Европу почти исключительно при их посредничестве. В Голландии подвергались доработке английские сукна, которые затем перепродавались за границу. Около 70% балтийского судоходства сосредоточивалось в руках голландцев. Оттеснив англичан, Голландия заняла первое место и во внешней торговле России. Несколько десятков голландских кораблей ежегодно посещало Архангельск, откуда они вывозили русские меха, икру, смолу, поташ, пеньку, сало, иранский шёлк, а в отдельные годы и хлеб. Во второй половине XVII в. голландская торговля с Францией и Англией понесла значительный урон вследствие войн и протекционистской политики, к которой перешли эти страны. Тем не менее, голландская торговля в целом в течение второй половины XVII столетия значительно выросла, ежегодные торговые обороты превышали в конце этого столетия 100--120 млн. гульденов».[10, Часть I, Глава IV]
«Крупнейшим европейским центром посреднической торговли и кредита становится Амстердам. В 1609 г. был основан Амстердамский депозитный и валютный банк. Созданная в 1611 г. биржа через несколько лет превратилось в крупнейший денежный рынок Европы, где размещались займы всех европейских государств». [4, с. 149-150]
«Голландия стала самой богатой страной, страной-банкиром. В Голландии было больше денег, чем во всей остальной Европе. Амстердамский банк стал общеевропейским центром кредита и давал займы всем государствам». [5, с. 87]
«На Амстердамской бирже при посредстве голландских маклеров заключались сделки между купцами и финансистами всей Европы; здесь устанавливались цены на все товары, являвшиеся предметом голландской посреднической торговли; здесь котировались акции торговых компаний, определялись курсы государственных ценных бумаг, размещались займы, предоставляемые иностранным правительствам, и т. д.
В тесной связи с биржей стояла деятельность Амстердамского банка, основанного в 1609 г. Этот банк служил сначала для депозитных, меновых и платёжных операций. Но затем он расширил свои функции, став учётным и кредитным банком для всей Европы. Через Амстердамский банк проходило кредитование как самого города Амстердама и обеих колониальных торговых компаний, так и Голландской республики и европейских монархий. Используя голландский государственный долг, достигший в середине XVII в. 120 млн. гульденов, а во время войны за Испанское наследство внушительной цифры в 250 млн., банк мог оказывать давление на правительственные органы Голландии, а имея своими должниками иностранные правительства, -- влиять на международную политику. Таким образом, Амстердамский банк стал орудием власти и международного влияния крупной торговой буржуазии Голландии. В правлении банка, в правлении Ост-Индской компании, и в городском управлении Амстердама сидели одни и те же люди -- представители крупнейших торговых фирм».[10, Часть I, Глава IV]

Результаты (английский) 1:

2.2. Trade, finance and credit«Successes in agriculture and industry were the basis for the development of the Dutch trade. The most important role in the Dutch economy played Highland with Baltic countries supplying Holland bread, wood and metals were market for Dutch herring, cloth, cloth and cheese. Initially in its intermediary trade turnover was not decisive. But already in the 16th century the enormous profits that are brought into force intermediary trade of considerable difference in prices on the markets of different European countries, attracted in this industry the main capitals of the Dutch bourgeoisie. Prominent in its income held ship freight. When a bad state land roads in Europe the Dutch merchant fleet, consisting of about 15 thousand. ships, played in the 17th century the primary role in the development of international trade relations.Dutch merchants and shipowners-maritime carriers in Europe, as they were then called,-combined transportation of foreign goods with brokering. By the mid-17th century, they are concentrated in the hands of almost all trade between northern and southern European countries. Grain purchased in Baltic, Dutch resold in the markets of the Mediterranean countries; German wines, products of the French manufactories and crafts, fruit from Spain and colonial goods came to Northern Europe almost exclusively in their mediation. In Holland were subjected to refine the English cloth, who then re-sold abroad. About 70% of the Baltic shipping concentrated in the hands of the Dutch. Pushing the British Holland ranked first in foreign trade of Russia. Several dozen Dutch ships visited each year, whence they were exported Arkhangelsk Russian fur, caviar, tar, potash, hemp, silk, fat, and in some years and bread. In the second half of the 17th century Dutch trading with France and England suffered considerable damage as a result of wars and protectionist policies, which took over these countries. However, the Dutch trade in General during the second half of the 17th century has grown significantly, with annual trade turnover exceeded at the end of this century, 100- -120 mln. guilders. [10, part I, chapter IV]"The largest European Centre for mediation of trade and credit becomes Amsterdam. In 1609 he was founded the Amsterdam Exchange Bank and deposit. Established in 1611 g. Exchange within a few years became the largest cash market in Europe, where loans were placed by all European States. " [4, p. 149-150]"Holland has become the richest country, country-banker. In Holland, it was more money than in the rest of Europe. Amsterdam Bank became pan-European Centre for credit and loans to all States. [5, p. 87]"At the Amsterdam stock exchange through the Dutch brokers were transactions between merchants and financiers across Europe; Here are the prices for all products installed readopt Dutch intermediary trade; here were shares of trading companies, determined by rates of Government securities were loans provided by foreign Governments, etc.In close connection with the Exchange Bank of Amsterdam activities stood, founded in 1609, this bank served as first deposit, menovyh and payment operations. But it then expanded its functions, becoming principals and credit Bank for the whole of Europe. Through the Amsterdam Bank lending took place as the city of Amsterdam and the two colonial trading companies and Dutch Republic and European monarchies. Using the Dutch public debt, reached in the mid-17th century 120 million. guilders, and during the war of the Spanish Succession the impressive figures in 250 million, the Bank could put pressure on the Government authorities in Holland, and having their debtors, foreign Governments to influence international policy. Thus, the Bank of Amsterdam became an instrument of power and international influence of a large trading bourgeoisie. The Bank's Management Board, on the Board of the East India Company, and in the Municipal Government of Amsterdam sat the same people-representatives of major trading firms. " [10, part I, chapter IV]

Результаты (английский) 2:

2.2. Trade, Finance and Credit
"Advances in agriculture and industry were the basis for the development of Dutch trade. The most important role in the Dutch economy played a trade with the Baltic countries, Holland delivers bread, wood and metals and is a market for the Dutch herring, cloth, cloth and cheese. Initially, in its total turnover intermediary trade was not decisive. But already in the XVI century. huge profits, which brings intermediary trade owing to the considerable difference in prices in the markets of different European countries, attracted to the industry the main capitals of the Dutch bourgeoisie. Prominent in her income took ship freight. When poor condition of land roads in Europe Dutch merchant fleet, numbering about 15 thousand. Ships played in the XVII century. a major role in the development of international trade relations.
The Dutch merchants and shipowners - sea cabs in Europe, as they were called - combined transport of foreign goods brokering. By the middle of the XVII century, they concentrated in their hands most of the trade between northern and southern European countries. Grain purchased in the Baltic States, the Dutch resold in the markets of the Mediterranean countries; German wines, French manufactures products and crafts, fruits from Spain and colonial goods fell in northern Europe almost exclusively through them. The Netherlands subjected finalizing English cloth, which is then resold abroad. About 70% of the Baltic shipping concentrated in the hands of the Dutch. Edging out the British, the Netherlands ranked first and Russia's foreign trade. Several dozen Dutch ships annually visited Arkhangelsk, where they took out Russian furs, caviar, tar, potash, hemp, bacon, Iranian silk, and in some years, and bread. In the second half of the XVII century. Dutch trade with France and Britain suffered considerable damage as a result of wars and protectionist policies, which took over the country. Nevertheless, the Dutch trade sector during the second half of the XVII century, has grown significantly, the annual trade turnover exceeds the end of this century 100--120 million. Guilders. "[10, Part I, Chapter
IV]« the largest European center for trade and brokering Amsterdam becomes a loan. In 1609, Amsterdam was founded deposit and foreign exchange bank. Created in 1611 through the stock exchange a few years became the biggest money market in Europe, which housed the loans of all European states. " [4, p. 149-150]
"Holland has become the richest country, a country banker. In the Netherlands, it was more money than in the rest of Europe. Bank of Amsterdam was the center of the pan-European credit and loans given to all the States. " [5, p. 87]
"On the Amsterdam stock exchange by means of Dutch brokers deals between traders and financiers all over Europe; here we set the prices of all goods that are the subject of a Dutch intermediary trade; here quoted shares trading companies, determines the course of government securities placed loans to foreign governments, and so on. d.
In close connection with the stock exchange activity was Bank of Amsterdam, founded in 1609, this bank served first for the deposit, of exchange and payment transactions . But then, it has expanded its functions, becoming the accounting and credit bank for the whole of Europe. Through the Bank of Amsterdam took place as the credit of the city of Amsterdam, and both colonial trading companies, and the Dutch Republic and the European monarchies. Using Dutch government debt, which reached in the middle of the XVII century. 120 million. Guilders, and during the War of Spanish Succession impressive figure of 250 million., The bank could put pressure on the governments of Holland, with its debtors and foreign governments - to influence international policy. Thus, the Bank of Amsterdam has become an instrument of power and international influence of the major Dutch commercial bourgeoisie. The Board, on the board of the East India Company, and the municipal government of Amsterdam were the same people - representatives of the largest trading companies. "[10, Part I, Chapter IV]

Результаты (английский) 3:

2. trade finance and credit. "advances in the development of agriculture and industry were the backbone of the development of the dutch trade.the most important role in the dutch economy played the exchange with the baltic countries, holland, поставлявшими bread, woods and metals and were markets for dutch herring, canvas, cloth, and cheese.initially, its total turnover intermediary trade had not been of decisive importance. but already in the 16th. huge profits for his.who made the inquiry trade because of large difference in prices in the markets of european countries, engage in this industry the main capital of dutch bourgeoisie.a prominent place in its income occupied the ship freight. in the bad condition of land roads in europe fleet of holland, насчитывавший about 15 000. ships, played in the 17th century.the primary role in the development of international trade relations.
the dutch merchants and shipowners, shipping извозчики europe as they were then called, - - will transport goods to another brokerage.