Все мы отличаемся друг от друга по многим параметрам. Каждый из нас имеет практически неповторимую комбинацию генов, которая случайным образом складывается из генов наших родителей. Это истины очевидные, но проблемы начинаются, когда мы переходим от генетического контроля над анатомией и физиологией человека к роли наследственности в определении умственных способностей, характера, поведения. Насколько гены определяют наш интеллект (замечу, что общепринятого определения этому понятию нет), и как мы различаемся по интеллекту? Что является мерилом?
Один из самых давних количественных параметров интеллекта является IQ - коэффициент интеллектуальности, который измеряется по способности быстрого решения очень несложных задач, не требующих предварительной подготовки. Задачки для оценки IQ стали использовать еще в начале века и поэтому удалось за столь долгое время сделать тест таким, чтобы он измерял преимущественно врожденные способности и мало зависел от приобретенных знаний и условий воспитания. Поэтому IQ практически не меняется с восьмидесяти лет.
В случайной выборке из всей популяции (например, населения какой-то страны) среднее значение IQ принимается за 100, а на крайние пять процентов приходятся низкие значения (50-75) - это обычно умственно отсталые люди, и верхние (120-150) - это высокоодаренные люди. Для физиков-теоретиков, например, величина IQ равна 130. Конечно, все это СРЕДНИЕ значения. Мальчик, имеющий IQ меньше, чем его одноклассник, вовсе не обязательно будет хуже учиться, но вот уже на группу учеников зависимость успехов в учебе от IQ будет распространяться.
Забавно, что последние данные свидетельствуют о том, что количество баллов в тестах на IQ в развитых странах по сравнению с началом века очень сильно увеличилось. Например, в Англии - на 27 баллов с 1942 года, в США - на 24 балла с 1918 года. Сопоставимые результаты дают исследования и в странах Западной Европы, Канаде, Японии, Израиле.
Результаты (
английский) 1:
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We all differ from each other in many ways. Each of us has a unique combination of genes practically, which randomly consists of genes from our parents. This obvious truth, but problems begin when we move from the genetic control of human anatomy and physiology to the role of heredity in determining mental ability, character, behavior. How genes determine our intellect (I note that there is no universally accepted definition of the term), and how we differ on intelligence? What is the measure? One of the earliest quantitative intelligence is the IQ-intelligence quotient, which is measured by the ability to quickly resolve a very simple tasks that do not require prior preparation. Puzzles for IQ scores were used early in the 20th century and therefore succeeded in a long time to do the test so that he measured primarily innate ability and a little dependent on the knowledge acquired and the conditions of education. Therefore IQ virtually unchanged since eighty years. In a random sample of the entire population (for example, the population of any country) average value of IQ is 100, and extreme five per cent low values (50-75) are usually mentally retarded people, and upper (120-150)-this is vysokoodarennye people. For physicists, for example, the value of IQ equals 130. Of course, this is all averages. The boy, who has an IQ less than his classmate, may not necessarily be worse to learn, but already a group of addiction students academic excellence from IQ will be distributed. Funny that recent evidence suggests that the number of points in IQ tests in developed countries compared with the beginning of the century is very much increased. For example, in England on 27 points from 1942 onwards, the United States-on 24 points from 1918 onwards. Comparable results give research and in the countries of Western Europe, Canada, Japan and Israel.
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Результаты (
английский) 2:
[копия]Скопировано!
We are all different from each other in many ways. Each of us has an almost unique combination of genes, which are randomly made up of the genes of our parents. This truth is evident, but the problems start when we turn on the genetic control of human anatomy and physiology to the role of heredity in determining intelligence, character and behavior. How genes determine our intelligence (note that the generally accepted definition of this term is not), and how we differ in intelligence? What is the yardstick?
One of the most long-standing quantitative parameters of intelligence is IQ - intelligence quotient, which is measured by the ability of a quick solution is very simple tasks that do not require prior training. Objectives for the IQ scores began to be used at the beginning of the century and, therefore, failed for so long to make the test so that it measures mostly innate ability and a little dependent on the conditions of the knowledge and education. Therefore IQ does not change with the eighty years.
In a random sample of the entire population (for example, the population of a country) the average IQ is taken as 100, and the extreme-five percent fall low values (50-75) - this is usually the mentally retarded and upper (120-150) - a highly gifted people. For theoretical physicists, for example, the value of IQ is 130. Of course, it all averages. Boy having IQ less than his classmate, is not necessarily worse than to study, but now for a group of students dependence academic success of IQ would be distributed.
It's funny that recent evidence suggests that the number of points in IQ tests developed countries compared with the beginning of the century greatly increased. For example, in England - 27 points since 1942, in the US - by 24 points since 1918. Comparable results provide research and in Western Europe, Canada, Japan, Israel.
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Результаты (
английский) 3:
[копия]Скопировано!
we are all different from each other in many respects. each of us has the almost unique combination of genes, which are genes at random from our parents. the truth is obvious.but the problem is, when we pass from the genetic control of the anatomy and physiology of the human to the role of heredity in determining mental abilities, character, behavior.how genes determine our intelligence (notice that the generally accepted definition of this term), and how we differ on the intel? what is the standard?
one of the oldest quantitative intelligence is iq is the интеллектуальности, which is measured by the ability of quick decision is very simple tasksrequiring no prior training. exercises to assess iq were used at the beginning of the century and therefore had been for such a long time to do the test so.so he was predominantly innate ability and little dependent on acquired knowledge and environment education. therefore, the iq changes little with eighty years.
in a random sample of the entire population (for example, the population in some countries), the average iq is 100, and the five per cent was low (50 - 75) is normally retarded peopleand the upper (120, 150) is высокоодаренные people. for theoretical physicists, for example, the iq is equal to 130. of course, all the average values. boy with iq lower than his classmate.will not necessarily be worse to learn, but there are a group of pupils dependence of academic excellence from the iq will be distributed. "the funny thing is, recent data indicatethe number of points in the tests for iq in developed countries compared with the beginning of the century is very much increased. for example, in the uk on 27 points in 1942, in the united states by 24 points since 1918.comparative results of research and in the countries of western europe, canada, japan, israel.
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