Преступность: врожденное и приобрет

Преступность: врожденное и приобретенное / преступниками рождаются или становятся?

Более ста лет назад итальянский врач Чезаре Ломброзо создал галерею “преступных типов”, чем обессмертил свое имя. Он, например, утверждал, что покатый лоб, квадратный подбородок, грубые черты лица, длинные руки, и мускулистое телосложение говорят о врожденных преступных наклонностях.
Понадобилось много лет, пока теория прирожденного преступника сошла на нет, потеряла свое влияние. Тем не менее и в наши дни продолжаются споры о наследовании преступных качеств и о биологических предпосылках преступного поведения.
Послевоенный экономический рост породил у западных лидеров опасное заблуждение, что с любыми общественными проблемами можно справиться, проводя соответствующую социальную политику и увеличивая бюджетные отчисления. Тогда казалось, что, давая человеку больше благ, можно смягчить и даже изменить его природу. Времена изменились, и стало ясно, что ни либеральные реформы, ни коммунистический диктат не привели к обществу процветания.
В 1979 г. в Центре изучения близнецов и усыновленных детей в США начали наблюдать несколько сотен двойняшек и тройняшек. Все они были разлучены вскоре после рождения и воспитывались в разных концах Англии и Америки. Экспериментаторы исходили из предположения, что, если близнецы идентичные, все различия, возникшие впоследствии, следует отнести за счет разной среды обитания. Однако, исследования показали, что различия между детьми, воспитанными раздельно, и близнецами, росшими в одной семье, практически отсутствуют.
Другое исследование, проведенное в Дании, показало, что дети преступников, даже если их воспитывать в домах добропорядочных граждан, в большей степени склонны к конфликтам с законом, чем собственные отпрыски. Более того, есть все основания считать, что, если один из разлученных однояйцевых близнецов имеет судимость за уголовное преступление, второй рано или поздно тоже свернет на скользкую дорожку.
Некоторые исследователи идут еще дальше и считают, что первопричина многих видов правонарушения, в первую очередь таких тяжких, как убийства, разбойные нападения, изнасилования и поджоги - не социальная, а биологическая.
Самый серьезный удар по “теории о среде” нанесла сравнительно молодая наука – социобиология. Исследования на животных показали, что у агрессивных обезьян уровень одного из гормонов – серотина – ниже, чем у пассивных. Это, вполне возможно, относится и к человеку – у людей, совершивших преднамеренные насильственные преступления, тоже наблюдается недостаток этого гормона. Так кто же виноват: среда или генетика?

Результаты (английский) 1:

Crime: congenital and acquired/criminals born or made?More than a hundred years ago an Italian doctor Cesare Lombroso created a gallery "criminal types" than immortalized his name. He, for example, claimed that the sloping forehead, square Chin, coarse facial features, long arms, and muscular physique talk about congenital criminal inclinations. It took many years until the theory of innate offender waned, has lost its influence. However nowadays disputes about inheritance criminal qualities and on the biological background of criminal behaviour. Post-war economic growth spawned by the Western leaders a dangerous misconception that any social problems can be solved through appropriate social policies and increasing budgetary allocations. Then it seemed that, giving man more benefits can be mitigated and even change its nature. Times have changed, and it became clear that neither liberal reforms, nor the Communist dictatorship had not led to a society of prosperity. In 1979, in the center of the study of twins and adopted children in the United States have begun to observe a few hundred twins and triplets. All of them were separated shortly after birth and raised in different parts of England and America. Experimentalists have proceeded from the assumption that, if the twins are identical, all differences arising subsequently, should be attributed to the different habitats. However, studies have shown that the distinction between children raised separately, and twins bred in one family, are virtually non-existent. Another study conducted in Denmark found that children of criminals, even if they bring up in the homes of good citizens, more likely to conflict with the law, than their own offspring. Moreover, there is every reason to believe that, if one of the separated identical twins having been sentenced for a criminal offence, the second too, sooner or later will turn on the slippery slope. Some scholars go further, and believe that the root cause of many types of offenses, especially serious crimes as murder, robbery, rape and arson-is not social and biological. The most serious blow to the "theory" has caused a relatively young science, sociobiology. Animal studies have shown that aggressive monkeys one level of hormones-serotina-lower than passive. This is, quite possibly, applies to a person-people who commit deliberate violent crimes, too, there has been a lack of this hormone. So who's to blame: environment or genetics?

Результаты (английский) 2:

Crime: congenital and acquired / criminals are born or made? Over a hundred years ago, the Italian physician Cesare Lombroso created a gallery of "criminal types" than immortalized his name. For example, he argued that the sloping forehead, a square jaw, coarse facial features, long arms, and muscular physique suggests innate criminal tendencies. It took many years before the theory of the born criminal came to naught, lost its influence. Nevertheless, today there is debate about inheritance and criminal characteristics of the biological assumptions of criminal behavior. The post-war economic growth has created the Western leaders dangerous misconception that any social problems can be overcome by conducting appropriate social policy and increasing budget allocations. Then it seemed that the man giving more benefits, can be alleviated and even change its nature. Times have changed, and it became clear that neither liberal reforms nor the communist diktat did not lead to the prosperity of society. In 1979, the Center for the study of twins and adopted children in the United States began to observe hundreds of twins and triplets. They were separated soon after birth and raised in different parts of England and America. Experimenters have proceeded from the assumption that if the twins are identical, any differences that have arisen subsequently, it should be attributed to the different habitats. However, studies have shown that differences between children reared separately, and the twins that grew in the same household, are virtually absent. Another study conducted in Denmark has shown that the children of criminals, even if they bring up in the homes of law-abiding citizens are more inclined conflicts with the law than their own offspring. Moreover, there is every reason to believe that, if one of separated identical twins has been convicted of a criminal offense, a second sooner or later, too, will turn on a slippery slope. Some researchers go further and believe that the root cause of many types of crimes, primarily those serious as murder, robbery, rape and arson - not social, and biological. The most serious blow to the "theory of the environment" caused a relatively young science - sociobiology. Animal studies have shown that the level of aggressive monkeys one of the hormones - serotonin - is lower than the passive. It is quite possible, applies to a person - in people who have committed intentional violent crime, too, there is a lack of this hormone. So who is to blame: the environment or genetics?