Образование нефти – процесс весьма

Образование нефти – процесс весьма и весьма длительный. Он проходит в несколько стадий и занимает по некоторым оценкам 50-350 млн. лет.Наиболее доказанной и общепризнанной на сегодняшний день является теория органического происхождения нефти или, как ее еще называют, биогенная теория. Согласно этой теории нефть образовалась из останков микроорганизмов, живших миллионы лет назад в обширных водных бассейнах (преимущественно на мелководье). Отмирая, эти микроорганизмы образовывали на дне слои с высоким содержанием органического вещества. Слои, постепенно погружаясь все глубже и глубже (напомню, процесс занимает миллионы лет), испытывали воздействие усиливающегося давления верхних слоев и повышения температуры. В результате биохимических процессов, происходящих без доступа кислорода, органическое вещество преобразовывалось в углеводороды. Часть образовавшихся углеводородов находилась в газообразном состоянии (самые легкие), часть в жидком (более тяжелые) и какая-то часть в твердом. Соответственно подвижная смесь углеводородов в газообразном и жидком состоянии под воздействием давления постепенно двигалась сквозь проницаемые горные породы в сторону меньшего давления (как правило, вверх). Движение продолжалось до тех пор, пока на их пути не встретилась толща непроницаемых пластов и дальнейшее движение оказалось невозможным. Это так называемая ловушка, образуемая пластом-коллектором и покрывающим ее непроницаемым пластом-покрышкой (рисунок справа). В этой ловушке смесь углеводородов постепенно скапливалась, образовывая то, что мы называем месторождением нефти. Как видите, месторождение на самом деле не является местом рождения. Это скорее местоскопление. Но, как бы там ни было, практика названий уже сложилась.Поскольку плотность нефти, как правило, значительно меньше плотности воды, которая в ней всегда присутствует (свидетельство ее морского происхождения), нефть неизменно перемещается вверх и скапливается выше воды. Если присутствует газ, он будет на самом верху, выше нефти.В некоторых районах нефть и углеводородный газ, не встретив на своем пути ловушку, выходили на поверхность земли. Здесь они подвергались воздействию различных поверхностных факторов, в результате чего рассеивались и разрушались.

Результаты (английский) 1:

Formation of oil - a process very, very long. It takes place in several stages and takes on an estimated 50-350 million. Years.
The most proven and widely recognized today is the theory of organic origin of oil, or as it is called, the biogenic theory. According to this theory, the oil was formed from living organisms remains of millions of years ago in the vast water basins (especially in shallow waters). Otmiraya, these microorganisms formed on the bottom layers with a high content of organic matter. Layers, gradually sinking deeper and deeper (remember, the process takes millions of years), we tested the effects of increasing the pressure of the upper layers, and the temperature rise. As a result of the biochemical processes taking place without the access of oxygen, the organic substance was converted into hydrocarbons. Formed part of the hydrocarbons in a gaseous state (the lightest), part of the liquid (heavier) and some part of the solid. Accordingly, the movable mixture of hydrocarbons in the gaseous or liquid state under pressure is gradually moved through permeable rocks in the direction of lower pressure (usually upward). The movement lasted until until their paths did not meet the thickness of impermeable layers, and further progress was impossible. This so-called trap-formation formed by the collector and its coating formation-impermeable tire (right figure). In this trap, a mixture of hydrocarbons gradually accumulate, forming what we call the oil field. As you can see, mine is really not the place of birth. It is rather mestoskoplenie. But be that as it may, the practice already established names.
Since the density of the oil is generally substantially less water density that it is always present (evidence of its marine origin), the oil moves up and invariably accumulates above the water. If gas is present, it will be at the top, above the oil.
In some areas, oil and hydrocarbon gas without encountering in its path a trap out on the surface of the earth. Here they were exposed to a variety of surface factors, resulting in scattered and destroyed.

Результаты (английский) 2:

Oil education is a very, very long process. It takes several stages and takes an estimated 50-350 million. Years.
The most proven and universally accepted to date is the theory of the organic origin of oil or, as it is called, biogenic theory. According to this theory, oil was formed from the remains of microorganisms that lived millions of years ago in vast water basins (mostly in shallow water). Dying, these microorganisms formed layers at the bottom high in organic matter. The layers, gradually sinking deeper and deeper (remember, the process takes millions of years), were exposed to increasing pressure of the upper layers and rising temperature. As a result of biochemical processes occurring without oxygen access, organic matter was converted into hydrocarbons. Some of the hydrocarbons formed were in a gaseous state (the lightest), some in liquid (heavier) and some part in a solid state. Accordingly, the moving mixture of hydrocarbons in the gaseous and liquid state under the influence of pressure gradually moved through permeable rocks in the direction of lower pressure (usually upwards). The movement continued until they encountered a thickness of impenetrable layers and further movement was impossible. This is the so-called trap, formed by a reservoir-collector and covering it with an impenetrable plastic-tire (picture d'art on the right). In this trap, a mixture of hydrocarbons gradually accumulated, forming what we call an oil field. As you can see, the deposit is not really a place of birth. It's more of a place to be. But, anyway, the practice of names has already developed.
Since the density of oil is generally much less than the density of water that is always present in it (evidence of its marine origin), oil invariably moves upwards and accumulates above the water. If there is gas, it will be at the top, above the oil.
In some areas, oil and hydrocarbon gas, without encountering a trap in their path, came to the surface of the earth. Here they were exposed to various superficial factors, causing them to dissipate and collapse.

Результаты (английский) 3:

The formation of oil is a long process. It is divided into phases, some estimated at $50 million to $350 million. Year.
So far, the most confirmed and generally accepted theory is the organic generation theory of oil, or the theory of biogenetics. According to this theory, oil is formed from the remains of microorganisms that lived in vast basins millions of years ago（ These microbes form a high organic content layer on the sea floor. I remember that this process took millions of years and was affected by high-level pressure and rising temperatures. Because there is no biochemical process of oxygen, organic substances become hydrocarbons. Some hydrocarbons formed are in gas state)（ Accordingly, under the action of pressure, the moving mixture of hydrocarbon in gas and liquid state gradually moves to smaller rock through permeable rock. The pressure usually goes up. This movement continued until a layer of impermeable strata encountered on their way and could not continue. This is a so-called trap, formed by a reservoir that covers its impermeable layer - a tire), right. In this trap, a mixture of hydrocarbons gradually accumulates, forming what we call an oil field. As you can see, this is not a real place of birth. It's more like a place. However, in any case, the practice of names has come into being.
Because oil is usually much less dense than water (it always has this density of water)（ Water accumulated on it. If there is a gas, it will be at the top, higher than oil.
In some areas, oil and hydrocarbons enter the ground without encountering traps. Here, they are affected by various surface factors, thus dispersing and destroying.