Text A: «METALWORKING PROCESSES»Met

Text A: «METALWORKING PROCESSES»
Metals are important in industry because they can be easily deformed into useful shapes. A lot of metalworking processes have been developed for certain applica¬tions. They can be divided into five broad groups:
1. rolling,
2. extrusion,
3. drawing,
4. forging,
5. sheet-metal forming.
During the first four processes metal is subjected to large amounts of strain (deformation). But if deformation goes at a high temperature, the metal will recrystallize — that is, new strain-free grains will grow instead of deformed grains. For this reason metals are usually rolled, ex¬truded, drawn, or forged above their recrystallization temperature. This is called hot working. Under these conditions there is no limit to the compressive plastic strain to which the metal can be subjected.
Other processes are performed below the recrystallization temperature. These are called cold working. Cold working hardens metal and makes the part stronger. However, there is a limit to the strain before a cold part cracks.
Rolling
Rolling is the most common metalworking process. More than 90 percent of the aluminum, steel and copper produced is rolled at least once in the course of produc¬tion. The most common rolled product is sheet. Rolling can be done either hot or cold. If the rolling is finished cold, the surface will be smoother and the product stronger.
Extrusion
Extrusion is pushing the billet to flow through the orifice of a die. Products may have either a simple or a complex cross section. Aluminum window frames are the examples of complex extrusions.
Tubes or other hollow parts can also be extruded. The initial piece is a thick-walled tube, and the extruded part is shaped between a die on the outside of the tube and a mandrel held on the inside.
In impact extrusion (also called back-extrusion) (штамповка выдавливанием), the workpiece is placed in the bottom of a hole and a loosely fitting ram is pushed against it. The ram forces the metal to flow back around it, with the gap between the ram and the die determin¬ing the wall thickness. The example of this process is the manufacturing of aluminum beer cans

Результаты (английский) 1:

Text A: "METALWORKING PROCESSES»Metals are important in industry because they can be easily deformed into useful shapes. A lot of metalworking processes have been developed for certain ¬ applica tions. They can be divided into five broad groups:1. rolling,2. extrusion,3. drawing4. forging,5. sheet-metal forming.During the first four processes metal is subjected to large amounts of strain has been carried out (deformation). But if deformation goes at a high temperature, the metal will recrystallize — that is, the new strain has been carried out-free grains will grow instead of deformed grains. For this reason metals are usually rolled, ex ¬ truded, drawn, or forged above their recrystallization temperature. This is the so-called hot working. Under these conditions there is no limit to the compressive plastic strain has been carried out to which the metal can be subjected.Other processes are performed below the recrystallization temperature. These are the so-called cold working. Cold working metal hardens and makes the part stronger. However, there is a limit to the strain has been carried out before a cold part cracks.RollingRolling is the most common metalworking process. More than 90 percent of the aluminum, steel and copper mass-produced is rolled at least once in the course of the produc ... ¬ tion. The most common product is rolled sheet. Rolling can be done either hot or cold. If the rolling is finished cold, the surface will be smoother and the product stronger.ExtrusionExtrusion is pushing the billet to flow through the orifice of a die. Products may have either a simple or a complex cross section. Aluminum window frames are the examples of complex extrusions.Tubes or other hollow parts can also be extruded. The initial piece is a thick-walled tube, and the extruded part is shaped between a die on the outside of the tube and a mandrel held on the inside.In impact extrusion (also called back-extrusion) (extrusions), the workpiece is placed in the bottom of a hole and a loosely fitting ram is pushed against it. The ram forces the metal to flow back around it, with the gap between the ram and the die ¬ determin-ing the wall thickness. The example of this process is the manufacturing of aluminum beer cans

Результаты (английский) 3:

text a: "METALWORKING PROCESSES»metals are important in industry because they can be easily deformed into useful shapes. a lot of metalworking processes have been developed for certain applica¬tions. they can be divided into five broad groups:1. rolling.2. extrusion,3. drawing,4. forging,5. sheet metal forming.during the first four processes metal is subjected to large amounts of causes (deformation). but if deformation goes at a high temperature, the metal will recrystallize - that is, new causes free grains will grow instead of deformed grains. for this reason metals are usually rolled, ex¬truded, drawn, or forged above their recrystallization temperature. this is called hot working. under these conditions there is no limit to the compressive plastic causes to which the metal can be subjected.other processes are performed on the recrystallization temperature. these are called cold working. cold working hardens metal and makes the heart stronger. however, there is a limit to the causes before a cold part cracks.rollingrolling is the most common metalworking process. more than 90 percent of the aluminum, steel and copper produced is rolled at least once in the course of produc¬tion. the most common rolled product is sheet. the rolling can be done either hot or cold. if the cold rolling is finished, the surface will be smoother and the product stronger.ExtrusionExtrusion is pushing the such to flow through the orifice of a die. products may have either a simple or a complex cross section. aluminum window frames are the examples of complex offer.tubes or other hollow parts can also be extruded. the initial piece is a thick - walled tube, and the extruded part is shaped between a die on the outside of the tube and a mandrel held on the inside.in impact extrusion (also called back extrusion) (stamping выдавливанием), the workpiece's is placed in the bottom of a hole and a loosely in ram is pushed against it. the ram forces the metal to flow back around it, with the gap between the ram and the die determin¬ing the wall thickness. the example of this process is the manufacturing of aluminum beer cans