II. WWWВсе началось с того, что в 1

II. WWW

Все началось с того, что в 1948 году вышли книги К. Шеннона «Математическая теория связи» и Н. Винера «Кибернетика, или управление и связь в животном и машине». Они и определили новый вектор развития науки, в результате чего появился компь­ютер: вначале ламповый гигант, затем транзисторный и на ин­тегральных схемах, на микропроцессорах. И вот в 1981 году по­явился персональный компьютер (IBM). В том же году вышла про­грамма MS-DOS, а в 1990 — Windows-З.О, а далее пошло стремительное совершенствование «железа» и программного обес­печения. К концу столетия человечество получило потрясающую миниатюризацию компьютерной техники, сокращение «расстоя­ния» между компьютером и человеком, тотальное проникнове­ние компьютерных технологий в бытовую сферу. 1986 год — рож­дение Интернета, глобальной сети, охватившей практически все страны мира, поставляющей каждому пользователю текущую информацию, открывающей доступ к книгам большинства круп­ных библиотек мира, позволяющей каждому жителю планеты поговорить с любым другим землянином. Кроме того, Интернет обеспечивает единую финансовую систему, покупки, бытовые услуги, службу знакомств...




Несколько слов об Интернете в России. В 1990 году к сети были подключены около тридцати организаций, главным обра­зом научных центров. Но только через пять лет состоялось офици­альное распространение WWW-технологий. В 1998 году количе­ство пользователей Интернета достигло одного миллиона, а к 2000 году — 5,4 млн человек (По прогнозам, к концу 2001 года их станет 7,8 млн) Четверть регулярных «посетителей» Интернета жи­вут в Москве и Санкт-Петербурге, другая четверть — в Сибири и на Дальнем Востоке, при этом больше половины посетителей Интер­нета проживают в городах численностью менее миллиона человек.

Компьютеризация и Интернет — столбовая дорога западной цивилизации в XXI веке. Хотим мы или нет — Россия много сто­летий тяготеет к европейскому пути развития. Поэтому и наше будущее связано не с сырьем, не с вооружением, а исключитель­но с широчайшей компьютеризацией школ и вузов, с выходом в мировую сеть Интернет, с поголовной компьютерной грамотнос­тью молодежи. Другого пути нет, если мы не хотим остаться сы­рьевым придатком западного мира.


107


III.БИОКОМПЬЮТЕРЫ

Применение в вычислительной технике биологических мате­риалов позволит со временем уменьшить компьютеры до разме­ров живой клетки. Пока это чашка Петри, наполненная спираля­ми ДНК, или нейроны, взятые у пиявки и подсоединенные к электрическим проводам. По существу, наши собственные клет­ки — это не что иное, как биомашины молекулярного размера, а примером биокомпьютера, конечно, служит наш мозг.






Ихуд Шапиро из Вейцмановского института естественных наук соорудил пластмассовую модель биологического компьютера вы­сотой 30см. Если бы это устройство состояло из настоящих биоло­гических молекул, его размер был бы равен размеру одного из компонентов клетки — 0,000 025 мм.

Билл Дитто из Технологического института штата Джорджия провел интересный эксперимент, подсоединив микродатчики к нескольким нейронам пиявки. Он обнаружил, что в зависимости от входного сигнала нейроны образуют новые взаимосвязи. Веро­ятно, биологические компьютеры, состоящие из нейроподобных элементов, в отличие от кремниевых устройств, смогут искать нужные решения посредством самопрограммирования. Дитто на­мерен использовать результаты своей работы для создания мозга роботов.

Результаты (английский) 1:

II. WWWIt all started with the fact that in 1948 year books came to Shannon's mathematical theory "., and m. Wiener, Cybernetics, or control and communication in the animal and the machine". They have defined a new direction of development of science, as a result of which appeared the computer first, then giant tube transistor and integrated circuits, microprocessors. And here in 1981 year appeared personal computer (IBM). In the same year released an MS-DOS program, and in 1990 — Windows-w. o, then went the rapid improvements in hardware and software. By the end of the century, mankind received stunning miniaturization in computer technology, bridging the distance between the computer and the man, the total penetration of computer technology in the domestic sphere. 1986 year — the birth of the Internet, a global network covering almost all countries of the world, providing each user with current information, open access to books most major libraries in the world, enabling every inhabitant of the planet to talk with any other Earth dweller. In addition, the Internet provides a unified financial system, shopping, personal services, online dating service ... A few words about the Internet in Russia. In 1990, the network were connected about thirty organizations, mainly scientific centers. But only five years later, held its official distribution of WWW technologies. In 1998 year number of Internet users reached one million, and by 2000, 5.4 million people (according to forecasts, by the end of the year 2001 will be 7.8 million) a quarter of the regular "visitors" Internet live in Moscow and St. Petersburg, another quarter in Siberia and the far East, with more than half of Internet users lived in cities with fewer than a million people.Computerization and the Internet — more road of Western civilization in the 21st century. Whether we like it or not — many centuries Russia gravitates to the European way of development. Therefore, our future is not with raw materials, not with weapons, but exclusively with the widest computerization of schools and universities, with access to the global Internet network, with an era of computer-literate youth. There is no other way, unless we want to stay appendage of the Western world.107 III. BIOCOMPUTERSApplication in computing, biological materials will eventually reduce the computers to the size of a living cell. While this Petri dish filled with spirals of DNA, or neurons taken from leeches and attached to electrical wires. Essentially, our own cells is nothing more than the biomachines molecular size, and an example biokomp′ûtera, of course, serves as our brain.Yehud Shapiro from Vejcmanovskogo Institute of natural sciences has built a plastic model of the biological computer height 30 cm. If this device consisted of these biological molecules, its size would be equal to the size of one of the components of the cells is 0.000 025 mm.Bill Ditto from the Georgia Institute of technology conducted an interesting experiment by connecting mikrodatčiki to several neurons of the leech. He found that depending on the input signal neurons form new relationships. Probably, biological computers, consisting of neural elements, unlike silicon devices will be able to find a solution through self-programming. Ditto intends to use the results of their work to create brain robots.

Результаты (английский) 2:

II. WWW It all started with the fact that in 1948 published a book of Shannon's "Mathematical Theory of Communication" and Wiener's "Cybernetics, or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine." They identified a new vector of development of science, as a result got a computer: first the giant tube, and then the transistor and integrated circuits, microprocessors. And in 1981 came the personal computer (IBM). In the same year came the program MS-DOS, and in 1990 - Windows-Z.O, and then went rapidly improving "iron" and software. By the end of the century, humanity has received tremendous miniaturization of computer hardware, reducing the "distance" between the computer and the human, the total penetration of computer technology in the domestic sphere. 1986 - the birth of the Internet, a global network that has engulfed almost all countries of the world, supplying current to each user information, opening access to the books of most large libraries of the world, allowing everyone on the planet to talk to any other earthling. In addition, the Internet provides a unified financial system, shopping, household services, dating services ... A few words about the Internet in Russia. In 1990, the network was connected to about thirty organizations, mostly research centers. But only five years later, the official spread of WWW-technologies. In 1998, the number of Internet users has reached one million, and by 2000 - 5.4 million people (according to forecasts, by the end of 2001 they will be 7.8 million) quarter of regular "visitors" of the Internet live in Moscow and St. Petersburg, the other quarter - in Siberia and the Far East, with more than half of Internet users live in cities with fewer than a million people. The computerization and the Internet - the high road of Western civilization in the XXI century. Whether we like or not - Russia many centuries gravitates to the European way of development. Therefore, our future is not due to the raw material, not with weapons, but only with a broad computerization of schools and universities, with access to the worldwide network of the Internet, with all-embracing computer-literate young people. No other way if we want to remain a raw materials appendage of the Western world. 107 III.BIOKOMPYUTERY The use of computer technology allows biological materials over time to reduce the size of computers to the living cell. While this is a petri dish filled with spirals of DNA, or neurons taken from leeches and connected to the electrical wires. In fact, our own cells - it is nothing like biomachines molecular size, as an example of bio-computer, of course, is our brain. Ichud Shapiro of the Weizmann Institute of Natural Sciences has built a computer model of biological plastic 30cm height. If this device consisted of these biological molecules, its size would be equal to the size of one of the components of the cell - 0,000 025 mm. Bill Ditto from the Georgia Institute of Technology conducted an interesting experiment by connecting to multiple microsensors leech neurons. He found that, depending on the input signal to form new neurons relationship. Probably the biological computer, composed of neural elements, unlike silicon devices will be able to look for the right solutions through self-programming. Ditto intends to use the results of their work to create a robot brain.

Результаты (английский) 3:

ii. www

all started when, in 1948, took the book to. shannon, a mathematical theory of communication ", and" n ". wiener "cybernetics or control and communication in the animal and the machine". they defined a new direction of scienceresulting in компь­ютер: first is a giant, and then solid state and ин­тегральных schemes for микропроцессорах. and in 1981 по­явился personal computer (ibm).in the same year married про­грамма ms - dos and windows з.о in 1990, and then went to the rapid development of iron and обес­печения "software.by the end of the century, humanity has received a great миниатюризацию computer technology, reducing расстоя­ния» between computer and man, the проникнове­ние computer technology in the domestic sphere.1986 - рож­дение internet, a global network, affecting virtually all countries in the world, that each user's current information from the access to books, most круп­ных libraries of the world.for every inhabitant of the planet to talk with any other землянином. in addition, the internet provides a unified financial system, shopping, home services, matchmaking service...




a few words on the internet in russia. in 1990, the network had been connected to approximately 30 organizations, the main обра­зом research centers. but only after five years was held офици­альное dissemination of www technology.in 1998, количе­ство internet users has reached one million, and by the year 2000 - 5.4 million (expected by the end of 2001 will be 78 million) a quarter of the regular "посетителей» internet жи­вут in moscow and st. petersburg, another quarter - in siberia and the far east.in more than half of the visitors интер­нета lived in towns with fewer than 1 million people.

computerization and internet столбовая road of western civilization in the twenty-first century.we want or not, russia many сто­летий leads to the path of development. however, our future is not related with raw material, not with weapons and with the widest исключитель­но computerization of schools and universities.connected to the global internet network, with the widespread of computer грамотнос­тью youth. there is no other way, if we don't want to stay сы­рьевым appendage of the western world.







III.биокомпьютеры 107the application of computer technology in biological мате­риалов will eventually reduce the computers to разме­ров living cells. while this petri dish filled with спираля­ми dna or neurons.taken from the leech and connected to electric wires. essentially, our own клет­ки is nothing more than биомашины molecular size, and an example of биокомпьютера, of course, is our brain.






ихуд shapiro of the вейцмановского institute of natural science made plastic model of computer every altitude. if the device is consisted of the present биоло­гических moleculesits size is equal to the size of one of the components of cells - 0000 025 mm.

bill ditto from georgia institute of technology conducted an interesting experiment, by connecting микродатчики several neurons leeches.he found that, depending on the input neurons form new relationships. веро­ятно, biological computers, consisting of нейроподобных elements, unlike silicon deviceswill be able to find the solution through the самопрограммирования. ditto на­мерен use the results of its work to establish the brain bots.