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Text A The AbdomenThe abdomen is the largest cavity of the body. It is bounded above by the thorax or chest and below by two pelvic bones which meet in the front. From the cavity of the thorax it is separated by the great muscle of respiration-the diaphragm. Laterally and in front it is enclosed by the lower ribs and abdominal muscles. Behind, it is supported by the spinal column.The organs of the abdominal cavity are the liver, the gall-bladder, the stomach, the intestines, the pancreas, the spleen, the kidneys and the bladder.The liver lies under the right ribs and extends across to the left of the epigastrium. The liver is a large organ that weighs about 1.5 kg. Everybody must know that the liver plays a very important role in the vital activities of the organism. It is the liver that secretes bile which participates in the digestive process and has a defensive function, i.e. some toxic substances are being detoxified in the liver.The gall-bladder lies beneath the right lobe of the liver. The gallbladder serves as a bile reservoir.The stomach lies under the left ribs and extends across to the right. It is well-known that its smaller end situates in the epigastrium. The stomach serves as a container of food, which is partly digested in it. The size and shape of the stomach vary with any amount of food that is consumed and the extent of the contraction of its wall. The stomach when it is filled with food is usually compared with a chemical retort. Its capacity is some 1-2 litres.The intestines ("internal"-Latin) chiefly occupy the central portions of the abdominal cavity. From the stomach the food passes in small portions into the small intestine where it undergoes further mechanical and chemical changes. As the contents of the small intestine cannot move back they may freely pass into the large intestine.The "small" and "large" refers to the width, rather than the length. The small intestine is only 1.5 to 2 inches in diameter at the point whereIt leaves the stomach and it narrows somewhat thereafter. The large intestine is up to 2.5 inches wide.
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