This label "Made in Space" for indu

This label "Made in Space" for industrial materials will probably surprise no one in the not so distant future. They may include super­conductors, new kinds of alloys, substances with peculiar magnetic properties, super transparent laser glass', polymers, plastics, and so on. Numerous experiments carried out at the Russian orbital space sta­tions have paved the way to the development of methods and means of industrial production of new materials of better quality on board a spacecraft. Experts estimate that within a few coming years industrial production of various materials will be started in space.Conditions on board a space vehicle drbiting the Earth greatly dif­fer from those on its surface. However all of these conditions can be simulated4on earth, except for one - - prolonged weightlessness. Weightlessness can be created on Earth, but only for a few seconds. A space flight is another matter: a satellite orbiting the Earth is in a dynamic zero-gravity state, i.e., when gravity is cancelled out5by iner­tia.What can weightlessness be used for? Many well-known process­es go on differently due to the absence of weight. The Archimedes principle is no longer valid and, consequently, stable-state6liquid mix­tures can be obtained, the components of which would immediately separate on Earth because of different density. In case of melts' of metals, glasses or semiconductors, they can be cooled down to the solidification point even in space and then brought back to Earth. Such materials will possess quite unusual qualities.In space there is no gravitational convection , i.e., movements of gases or liquids caused by difference of temperatures. It is well-known that various defects in semiconductors occur because of convection. Biochemists also have to deal with the worst aspects of convection, for example, in the production of superpure biologically active substances. Convection makes it very difficult on Earth.Following the launch of the first orbital stations the specialists started experiments aimed at proving the advantages of the zero-gravity state for the production of certain materials. In this country all orbital stations from Salyut 5 onwards were used for that purpose, as well as rockets. Since 1976 over 600 technological experiments have been carried out on board manned and unmanned space vehicles.The experiments proved that many of the properties of the materials obtained under the zero-gravity condition were much better than those produced on Earth. Besides, it has been established that it is necessary to develop a new science - physics of the weightless state - which forms the theoretical basis for space industry and space materials study. This science has basically been developed.The methods of mathematical modelling of the hydromechanical process under the zero-gravity condition have been created with the help of computers.Special space vehicles will also be needed for industrial production of new-generation materials. Research has shown that the acceleration rate on board these vehicles must be reduced to the minimum. It was found that space platforms in independent flight carrying the equipment were most suitable for producing materials. These vehicles will have to use their own propulsion systems to approach their base orbital station after a certain period of time. The cosmonauts on board the station can replace the specimens. Many new and very interesting projects are planned for orbital stations. Here is one of them. Convection does not allow to grow large protein crystals on Earth. But it is possible to grow such crystals under the zero-gravity condition and to study their structure. The data obtained during the experiments can be useful for the work of laboratories on Earth in using the methods of gene engineering . Thus, it may be possible to make new materials in space and also to obtain valuable scientific data for new highly efficient technologies on Earth.Preparatory work for industrial production in space at a larger scale is being carried out in Russia, the USA, Western Europe and Japan. It should be said that according to the estimates of American experts production of materials in space is to bring 60-billion dollars by the year 2000.

Результаты (английский) 1:

Этот лейбл «Сделано в космосе» для промышленных материалов, вероятно, никого не удивит в недалеком будущем. Они могут включать в себя сверхпроводники, новые виды сплавов, вещества с особыми магнитными свойствами, сверхпрозрачное лазерное стекло, полимеры, пластмассы и так далее. Многочисленные эксперименты, проведенные на российских орбитальных космических станциях, проложили путь к разработке методов и средств промышленного производства новых материалов более высокого качества на борту космического корабля. По оценкам экспертов, в ближайшие годы в космосе будет запущено промышленное производство различных материалов.

Условия полета на космическом корабле, совершающем полет на Землю, значительно отличаются от тех, что на его поверхности. Однако все эти условия могут быть смоделированы на земле, за исключением одного - длительного невесомости. Невесомость может быть создана на Земле, но всего за несколько секунд. Другое дело космический полет: спутник, вращающийся вокруг Земли, находится в динамическом состоянии невесомости, т. Е. Когда гравитация нейтрализуется по инерции.

Для чего можно использовать невесомость? Многие известные процессы идут по-разному из-за отсутствия веса. Принцип Архимеда больше не действителен, и, следовательно, могут быть получены стабильные жидкие смеси, компоненты которых сразу же отделятся на Земле из-за разной плотности. В случае расплавов металлов, стекол или полупроводников они могут быть охлаждены до точки затвердевания даже в космосе и затем возвращены на Землю. Такие материалы будут обладать довольно необычными качествами.

В космосе нет гравитационной конвекции, т. Е. Движений газов или жидкостей, вызванных перепадом температур. Хорошо известно, что различные дефекты в полупроводниках возникают из-за конвекции. Биохимикам также приходится иметь дело с наихудшими аспектами конвекции, например, при производстве сверхчистых биологически активных веществ. Конвекция делает это очень трудным на Земле.

После запуска первых орбитальных станций специалисты начали эксперименты, направленные на доказательство преимуществ состояния невесомости для производства определенных материалов. В этой стране для этой цели использовались все орбитальные станции, начиная с Салюта 5, а также ракеты. С 1976 года на борту пилотируемых и беспилотных космических аппаратов было проведено более 600 технологических экспериментов.

Эксперименты доказали, что многие свойства материалов, полученных в условиях невесомости, были намного лучше, чем те, которые были получены на Земле. Кроме того, установлено, что необходимо развивать новую науку - физику невесомого состояния - которая формирует теоретическую основу для космической промышленности и изучения космических материалов. Эта наука в основном развивалась. Методы математического моделирования гидромеханического процесса в условиях невесомости были созданы с помощью компьютеров.

Специальные космические аппараты также понадобятся для промышленного производства материалов нового поколения. Исследования показали, что скорость ускорения на борту этих транспортных средств должна быть сведена к минимуму. Выяснилось, что космические платформы в автономном полете, несущие оборудование, были наиболее подходящими для производства материалов. Эти машины должны будут использовать свои собственные двигательные установки, чтобы приблизиться к своей базовой орбитальной станции через определенный промежуток времени. Космонавты на борту станции могут заменить образцы. Много новых и очень интересных проектов запланировано для орбитальных станций. Вот один из них. Конвекция не позволяет выращивать крупные кристаллы белка на Земле. Но такие кристаллы можно выращивать в условиях невесомости и изучать их структуру. Данные, полученные в ходе экспериментов, могут быть полезны для работы лабораторий на Земле при использовании методов генной инженерии. Таким образом, возможно создание новых материалов в космосе, а также получение ценных научных данных для новых высокоэффективных технологий на Земле.

Подготовительные работы для промышленного производства в космосе в более широком масштабе ведутся в России, США, Западной Европе и Японии. Надо сказать, что по оценкам американских экспертов производство материалов в космосе должно принести 60 миллиардов долларов к 2000 году.

Результаты (английский) 2:

This label "Made in Space" for industrial materials will probably surprise no one in the not so distant future. They may include superconductors, new kinds of alloys, substances with peculiar magnetic properties, super transparent laser glass', polymers, plastics, and so on. Numerous experiments carried out at the Russian orbital space stations have paved the way to the development of methods and means of industrial production of new materials of better quality on board a spacecraft. Experts estimate that within a few years of industrial production of various materials will be started in space.

Conditions on board a space vehicle drbiting the Earth differ greatly from those on its surface. However all of these conditions can be simulated4on earth, except for one - prolonged weightlessness. Weightlessness can be created on Earth, but only for a few seconds. A space flight is another matter: a satellite orbiting the Earth is in a dynamic zero-gravity state, i.e., when gravity is cancelled out5by inertia.

What can weightlessness be used for? Many well-known processes go on differently due to the absence of weight. The Archimedes principle is no longer valid and, consequently, stable-state6liquid mixtures can be obtained, the components of which would be immediately separate on Earth because of different density. In case of melts' of metals, glasses or semiconductors, they can be cooled down to the solidification point even in space and then brought back to Earth. Such materials will possess quite unusual qualities.

In space there is no gravitational convection, i.e., movements of gases or liquids caused by the difference of temperatures. It is well-known that various defects in semiconductors occur because of convection. Biochemists also have to deal with the worst aspects of convection, for example, in the production of superpure biologically active substances. Convection makes it very difficult on Earth.

Following the launch of the first orbital stations the specialists began experiments aimed at proving the advantages of the zero-gravity state for the production of certain materials. In this country all orbital stations from Salyut 5 onwards were used for that purpose, as well as rockets. Since 1976 over 600 technological experiments have been carried out on board manned and unmanned space vehicles.

The experiments proved that many of the properties of the materials obtained under the zero-gravity condition were much better than those produced on Earth. Besides, it has been established that it is necessary to develop a new science - physics of the weightless state - which forms the theoretical basis for space industry and space materials study. This science has basically been developed. The methods of mathematical modelling of the hydromechanical process under the zero-gravity condition have been created with the help of computers.

Special space vehicles will also be needed for industrial production of new-generation materials. Research has shown that the acceleration rate on board these vehicles must be reduced to the minimum. It was found that space platforms in independent flight carrying the equipment were most suitable for producing materials. These vehicles will have to use their own propulsion systems to approach their base orbital station after a certain period of time. The cosmonauts on board the station can replace the specimens. Many new and very interesting projects are planned for orbital stations. Here is one of them. Convection does not allow to grow large protein crystals on Earth. But it is possible to grow such crystals under the zero-gravity condition and to study their structure. The data obtained during the experiments can be useful for the work of laboratories on Earth in using the methods of gene engineering. Thus, it may be possible to make new materials in space and also to obtain valuable scientific data for new highly efficient technologies on Earth.

Preparatory work for industrial production in space at a larger scale is being carried out in Russia, the USA, Western Europe and Japan. It should be said that according to the estimates of American experts production of materials in space is to bring 60-billion dollars by the year 2000.

Результаты (английский) 3:

It is a label in the space of "industrial materials will face no problem in the not too distant future." They may include super conductors, new kings of alloys, substances with special magnetic properties, super transparent laser glass, polymers, plastics, and so on Numerous experiments carried out at the Russian orbital space sta tions have paved the way to the development of methods and means of industrial production of new materials of better quality on board a spacecraft. 5.Experts estimate that within a few coming years industrial production of various materials will be started in space.
Conditions on board a space vehicle drbiting the Earth greatly diff fer from those on its surface. However all of these conditions can be simulated4on earth，except for one--prolonged weightlessness. Weightless ness can be created on earth, but there is only one second. A space flight is another matter:a satellite orbiting the Earth is in a dynamic zero-gravity state，i.e.…when gravity is cancelled out5by iner-tia.
What can weightless ness be used? Many people know that the process goes in different ways to ignore. The Archimedes principle is no longer valid and，consequently，stable-state6liquid mix mires can be obtained，the components of which would immediately separate on Earth because of different density. In the case of metals, glasses, or semiconductors, they can come down completely to the solidation point even in space and then return to earth. Such materials will possess quite unusual qualities.
In space there is no gravitational convection，i.e.，（movements of gases or liquids caused by difference of temperatures）. It's good to know that occur is gender sensitive due to exposure to variable defects. Biochemists also have to deal with the worst aspects of convection，for example，in the production of superpure biologically active substances. Convection makes it very difficult on Earth.
10.Following the launch of the first orbital stations the specialists started experiments aimed at proving the advantages of the zero-gravity state for the production of certain materials. In this country all orbital stations from Salyut 5 onwards were used for that purpose，as well as rockets. Since 1976 over 600 technological experiements have been carried out on board manned and unmanned space vehicles.
The experiements provid that many of the properties of the materials obtained under the zero-gravity condition were much better than those produced on Earth. Besides，it has been established that it is necessary to develop a new science-physics of the weightless state-which forms the theoretical basis for space industry and space materials study. This science has basically been developed.The methods of mathematical modeling of the hydromechanical process under the zero-gravity condition have been created with the help of computers.
Special space vehicles will also be need for industrial production of new-generation materials. Research has shown that the acceleration rate on board these vehicles must be reduced to the minimum. It found that the most durable way to produce materials is to keep space in balance when flying alone. These vehicles will have to use their own propulsion systems to approach their base orbital station after a certain period of time The cosmonauts on board the station can replace the specimens. Many new and very interesting projects are planned for orbital stations. Here is one of them. Convection does not allow to grow large protein crystals on Earth. But it is possible to grow such crystals under zero gravity condition and study their structures. 6. Data on the work of the earth laboratory using genetic engineering methods may be used during the experiment. Therefore, it may be possible to make new materials in space and valuable scientific data needed for new highly effective earth technologies.
Preparatory work for industrial production in space at a larger scale is being carried out in Russia，the USA，Western Europe and Japan. It should be said that the estimates consistent with the production of substances in space in the United States were made for 60 billion dollars in 2000.