Что такое ген. Инженерия?: Что тако

Что такое ген. Инженерия?: Что такое ген. Инженерия? Генетическая инженерия (генная инженерия) — совокупность приёмов, методов и технологий получения рекомбинантных РНК и ДНК, выделения генов из организма (клеток), осуществления манипуляций с генами и введения их в другие организмы. Генетическая инженерия не является наукой в широком смысле, но является инструментом биотехнологии , используя методы таких биологических наук, как молекулярная и клеточная биология, цитология, генетика, микробиология, вирусология.

Вот что делает генная инженерия: Вот что делает генная инженерия

Плюсы генной инженерии: Плюсы генной инженерии 1 . Генетическая трансформация растений может ускорить селекционный процесс, сохранить наиболее желательные признаки сорта и привить два-три новых полезных 2. С помощью применения ГМР создают более дешевые лекарства (инсулин), обеспечивают промышленность сырьем 3. Генетически модифицированные продукты в силу своих качеств адаптации к среде, высокой стабильной урожайности могут решить проблему «голодающих стран» 4. С помощью методов генетической инженерии возможно лечение тяжелых заболеваний человека: онкологических, наследственных заболеваний мозга и нервной системы, для исследования воспалительных и иммунологических заболеваний человека.

Минусы генной инженерии: Минусы генной инженерии 1. Некоторые ГМ-растения, устойчивые к насекомым-вредителям, могут быть мутагенными и оказывать сильное негативное влияние на человеческие эмбрионы. 2. Риск образования опухолей существует и при использовании трансгенных растений, отличающихся повышенной урожайностью за счет ряда ферментов. В результате внутриклеточных процессов в некоторых ГМ-сортах табака и риса накапливаются биологически активные продукты разложения этих ферментов, способные спровоцировать развитие рака. 3. Некоторые чужеродные гены могут встраиваться в кишечную микрофлору человека. Большинство ГМ-растений содержит гены устойчивости к антибиотикам. Использование таких продуктов питания может привести к тому, что традиционные методы лечения с помощью антибиотиков будут малоэффективны. 4. Введение в пищевую цепочку человека мутагенной еды может привести к распространению новых штаммов болезнетворных бактерий, а также к увеличению числа людей страдающих пищевыми аллергиями. 5. Введение чужеродных генов в клетки млекопитающих, в частности человека, опасно возникновением химер и гибридов. 6. В России не существует законодательства о генетически-модифицированных продуктах, человек зачастую не имеет информации о покупаемом им продукте, который может быть вреден.

Вывод: Вывод Как и любое достижение науки, успехи генетической инженерии могут быть использованы не только на благо, но и во вред человеку. Специально проведенные исследования показали, что опасность неконтролируемого распространения гибридных (рекомбинантных) ДНК не так велика, как представлялось ранее. Гибридные ДНК и несущие их бактерии оказались очень неустойчивыми к влияниям окружающей среды, нежизнеспособными в организме человека и животных при случайном проникновении. Известно, что в природе и без вмешательства человека имеются условия, которые обеспечивают обмен генетической информацией (так называемый поток генов). Однако на пути случайного проникновения в организм чужеродной генетической информации природа создала много эффективных барьеров. При работе с большинством гибридных молекул ДНК вполне достаточно обычных мер предосторожности, которые применяют, например, микробиологи при работе с инфекционным материалом. Для особых случаев разработаны эффективные способы биологической защиты и физической изоляции экспериментальных объектов от человека и окружающей среды.

Результаты (английский) 1:

What is gene. Engineering?: what is a gene. Engineering? Genetic engineering (genetic engineering) is a set of techniques, methods and technologies for producing recombinant RNA and DNA, selection genes from an organism (cells), the implementation of genetic manipulation and introducing them to other organisms. Genetic engineering is not science in the broadest sense, but is a tool for biotechnology, using methods such as the biological sciences, molecular and cell biology, cytology, genetics, microbiology, virology.That's what makes genetic engineering: that's what makes genetic engineeringPros of genetic engineering: Pros of genetic engineering 1. Genetic transformation of plants can accelerate the selection process, save the most desirable varieties and symptoms two to three new useful 2. By applying GMP create cheaper drugs (insulin), provide the industry with raw materials 3. Genetically modified foods, because of their qualities of adaptation to Wednesday, high stable yields can solve the problem of "starving countries 4. Using the methods of genetic engineering possible treatment of severe human diseases: cancer, hereditary diseases of the brain and nervous system, for research of inflammatory and immunological diseases in humans.Cons: cons of genetic engineering genetic engineering 1. Some GM plants resistant to pests may be mutagenic and have a strong negative impact on human embryos. 2. The risk of tumors exist and when using transgenic plants, different high yield at the expense of some enzymes. As a result of intracellular processes in some GM varieties of tobacco and rice accumulate biologically active decomposition products of these enzymes, capable to provoke cancer development. 3. Some alien genes can be embedded in human intestinal microflora. Most GM plants contain genes for antibiotic resistance. The use of these foods can cause traditional treatments with antibiotics are ineffective. 4. Introduction to the human food chain food mutagen can lead to the spread of new strains of disease-causing bacteria, as well as to an increase in the number of people suffering from food allergies. 5. Introduction of alien genes in mammalian cells, in particular the emergence of dangerous human chimeras and hybrids. 6. In Russia, there is no legislation on genetically-modified products, people often do not have any information about them being a product that could be harmful.Conclusion: the conclusion as any achievement of science, advances of genetic engineering can be used not only for the good, but also harm humans. Specifically, studies have shown that the risk of uncontrolled proliferation of hybrid (Recombinant) DNA is not as great as previously imagined. Hybrid bearing DNA and their bacteria proved to be very volatile to environmental influences Wednesday, unfeasible in humans and animals in the event of accidental penetration. It is known that in nature and without human intervention are the conditions that enable the exchange of genetic information (the so-called gene flow). However, accidental alien penetration into the organism's genetic information nature has created many effective barriers. When working with the majority of hybrid DNA molecules just enough ordinary precautions that apply, for example, microbiologists when working with infectious material. For special cases, developed effective ways of biological protection and physical isolation of pilot sites from humans and the environment Wednesday.

Результаты (английский) 2:

What is a gene. Engineering ?: What is the gene. Engineering? Genetic engineering (genetic engineering) - a set of techniques, methods, and technologies for producing recombinant RNA and DNA, gene isolation from an organism (cell) of genetic manipulation and introducing it into other organisms. Genetic engineering is not a science in the broad sense, but is a tool of biotechnology using the methods of the biological sciences as molecular and cellular biology, cell biology, genetics, microbiology, virology. That's what makes genetic engineering: That's what makes genetic engineering Benefits of genetic engineering: Pros genetic engineering 1. Genetic transformation of plants can speed up the breeding process, to maintain the most desirable attributes of the variety and plant two or three useful new 2. With the use of GMR produce cheaper drugs (insulin), provide raw materials industry 3. Genetically modified foods because of their qualities of adaptation to the environment, high stable yields can solve the problem of "hungry countries" 4. With the help of genetic engineering methods possible treatment of serious human diseases: cancer, hereditary diseases of the brain and nervous system, for the study of inflammatory and immunological diseases in humans. Cons genetic engineering: genetic engineering Cons 1. Some GM plants resistant to insect pests may be mutagenic and have a strong negative impact on human embryos. 2. The risk of cancer exists and using transgenic plants with increased yield due to a number of enzymes. As a result, in certain intracellular processes GM tobacco and rice varieties accumulate biologically active decomposition products of these enzymes is capable to provoke cancer. 3. Some foreign genes can be integrated into the human intestinal microflora. Most GM plants containing antibiotic resistance genes. The use of these foods can lead to the fact that the traditional treatments with antibiotics are ineffective. 4. Introduction into the food chain mutagenic human food may lead to the spread of new strains of pathogenic bacteria, and increase the number of people suffering from food allergies. 5. Introduction of foreign genes into mammalian cells, in particular human, dangerous occurrence chimeras and hybrids. 6. In Russia, there is no legislation on genetically-modified foods, people often do not have information about buying their product, which can be harmful. Conclusion: Conclusion As with every achievement of science, genetic engineering can be successfully used not only for the good, but also to the detriment of a person. Special studies have shown that the risk of uncontrolled proliferation of hybrid (recombinant) DNA is not as great as previously thought. Hybrid DNA and bacteria carrying them proved to be very unstable to environmental influences, non-viable in humans and animals from accidental penetration. It is known that in nature, without human intervention, there are conditions that provide exchange of genetic information (called gene flow). However, on the way accidental penetration into the body of foreign genetic information nature has created many effective barriers. When working with the majority of hybrid DNA molecules is enough normal precautions that apply, for example, microbiologists working with infectious material. For special occasions there are effective ways to protect the biological and physical isolation of the experimental facilities of humans and the environment.

Результаты (английский) 3:

what is gene. engineering? what is gene. engineering? genetic engineering (genetic engineering) is a set of processes, methods and technologies of recombinant rna and dna of genes of an organism (cells), the manipulation of genes and introducing them to other organisms. genetic engineering is not a science in the broadest sense, but is a tool for biotechnology, using methods such as biological sciences, molecular and cellular biology, cell biology, genetics, microbiology, virology.that"s what makes genetic engineering: that"s what makes genetic engineeringthe advantages of genetic engineering, the advantages of genetic engineering 1. the genetic transformation of plants can accelerate the breeding process, agricultural preserve the most desirable characteristics of class, with two to three new useful 2. through the use of гмр create cheaper medications (insulin), provide the industry of raw materials 3. genetically modified food, because of its qualities of adaptation to the environment, high stable yield, can solve the problem of "starving" 4. using the methods of genetic engineering may be treatment of complex human diseases: cancer, hereditary diseases of the brain and nervous system, for the study of inflammatory and immunological diseases.cons: genetic engineering genetic engineering cons 1. some gm plants resistant to insect pest can be мутагенными and have a strong negative impact on human embryos. 2. risk education tumors exists in using transgenic plants with high yield by a series of enzymes. as a result внутриклеточных processes in some gm crops of tobacco and rice are biologically active degradation products of these enzymes that can trigger the development of cancer. 3. some alien genes can be integrated in the intestinal микрофлору rights. most gm plants contains genes for antibiotic resistance. the use of such products may lead to the fact that the traditional methods of treatment using antibiotics are ineffective. 4. introduction to the human food chain мутагенной food may lead to the proliferation of resistant strains of pathogenic bacteria, and also to an increase in the number of people suffering from food аллергиями. 5. the introduction of foreign genes into the cells of mammals, in particular the rights, the emergence of dangerous and hybrids. 6. in russia, there is no legislation on genetically modified products, people often lack information about their product being purchased, which can be harmful.conclusion: the conclusion as any achievement of science, the progress of genetic engineering can be used not only for the benefit, but also harm people