ЧИЛИЙСКАЯ ПЕНСИОННАЯ РЕФОРМАЧилийск

ЧИЛИЙСКАЯ ПЕНСИОННАЯ РЕФОРМА


Чилийская модель пенсионной реформы обычно приводится в качестве своего рода эталона во время дискуссий о наилучшем способе финансирования пенсий. Аргентина, Перу и Колумбия провели реформирование своих систем пенсионного страхования по примеру Чили, правда, сильно модифицировав прототип.

Реформа пенсионной системы была проведена в Чили 1981 году, во время правления А.Пиночета. При обсуждении вопроса об использовании опыта Чили следует иметь ввиду, что чилийская реформа осуществлялась в условиях значительного оживления экономики. Это позволило правительству обеспечить щедрое финансирование пенсионной реформы.

На это время пришелся бум фондового рынка Чили, который обусловил высокий уровень рентабельности пенсионных фондов.

Существенным фактором, предопределившим успех реформы, стала благоприятная демографическая обстановка. В Чили всего 8% населения пенсионного возраста (в России - 16%), а на одного пенсионера приходится 12,8 занятых.

Основной характерной чертой чилийской реформы является замена приобретенных прав на пенсии по прежней системе с определенного момента времени в гарантированную государством выплату и введение обязательного накопительного страхования работников в нескольких частных конкурирующих компаниях, организованных на тот момент времени.

Новая система заключается в обязательном страховании лиц, работающих по найму. Работники обязаны уплачивать 10% от своей зарплаты в одну из упомянутых компаний (фондов). Лица подлежат обязательному страхованию до достижения возраста 65 лет для мужчин и 60 лет для женщин.

Застрахованные лица имеют право поменять тот или иной фонд и при этом они забирают с собой права на накопленный капитал. Самозанятое население может застраховаться в этих фондах добровольно.

Дополнительно к пенсионному обеспечению работники должны также застраховаться на случай наступления инвалидности и потери кормильца. Для этого предназначаются еще 3% от зарплаты.

При достижении пенсионного возраста застрахованный имеет право выбора. Он может использовать накопленный капитал либо для приобретения пожизненной личной пенсии в страховой компании, либо договориться с компанией о так называемом "запрограммированном снятии со счета" - выплате определенных частей накопленной суммы со своего лицевого счета в течение оговоренного времени. Застрахованный также может получить единовременную выплату в таком размере, чтобы та часть суммы, которая остается на его лицевом счете, была бы достаточна для получения пенсии в размере не ниже 120% базовой величины и не ниже 70% от последнего (перед выходом на пенсию) дохода.

Как и в других системах с установленным размером взноса, в чилийской системе также очень трудно заранее оценить уровень пенсионного обеспечения. Денежные выплаты, осуществляемые фондами, финансируются из поступлений страховых взносов, связанных с зарплатой, а также за счет доходов и резервов, созданных накопленным капиталом. Результат зависит от соотношения роста средней зарплаты и процентной ставки на рыке ссудного капитала. Чем больше процентная ставка превышает процентное увеличение заработной платы, тем выше при прочих равных условиях уровень пенсионного обеспечения. В итоге можно получить от 20 до 70% от последнего дохода. Это представляет собой относительно ненадежную основу для планирования уровня пенсионного обеспечения.

Фонды инвестируют поступления страховых взносов на чилийском и частично также и на международном рынке ссудных капиталов. В период с 1981 по 1995 год средний процент доходности инвестиций составлял около 13% годовых. При этом фонды по показателю доходности значительно отличаются друг от друга. В 1995 году в Чили на рынке ссудных капиталов разразился конкурентный кризис, который в свою очередь отразился также и на этих фондах. В итоге фонды потеряли 4,7% основного капитала.

До 1995 года было разрешено существование 25 фондов. Однако некоторые из них вследствие недостаточной рентабельности были закрыты. В конце 1995 года эти фонды насчитывали порядка 5 миллионов участников. Причем из них только 3 миллиона уплачивали страховые взносы. Лицевые счета более 80% застрахованных сосредоточены в 5 крупнейших фондах. Основной капитал фондов составил приблизительно 23 млрд. долларов США. Это соответствует половине размера внутреннего валового продукта (ВВП) Чили.

Чилийская пенсионная реформа преследует цель исключить влияние государства и политики на систему пенсионного обеспечения. В прошлом это заключалось в определении границ размеров пенсий и их индексации. На этапе экономического процветания пенсии щедро увеличивались. Как только наступил период спада, пенсии были в действительности уменьшены за счет инфляции. Хотя по закону и была предусмотрена индексация пенсий в зависимости от цен, механизм индексации не работал в полной мере.

В результате реформы политика, действительно, вначале потеряла влияние на предоставление пенсии по новой системе. Но поскольку до сих пор лишь незначительное количество застрахованных лиц получает такого рода пенсии, то это обстоятельство имеет второстепенное значение. Однако по-прежнему существует значительное влияние государства на получение оснований на предоставление пенсий и на создание для этого капитала.

В том случае, если стратегия того или иного фонда не принесла достаточной прибыли, пенсия предоставляется государством. Причем минимальную пенсию получает только то лицо, которое уплачивало взносы в течение 20 лет.

Законодательные н

Результаты (английский) 1:

THE CHILEAN PENSION REFORMThe Chilean model of pension reform is commonly cited as a reference during discussions on the best way of funding pensions. Argentina, Peru and Colombia have reformed their pension systems, following the example of Chile, though heavily modifying prototype.Pension reform was carried out in 1981, Chile, during the reign of a. Pinochet. When discussing the use of Chile should be borne in mind that the Chilean reform was carried out in conditions of significant economic recovery. This enabled the Government to provide generous funding of pension reform.At this time, the stock market boom was Chile, which has led to a high rate of return on pension funds.An important factor underpinning the success of the reform, was the favourable demographic situation. In Chile only 8 per cent of the population of pensionable age (in Russia-16%), and for one pensioner falls 12.8 employees.The main characteristic of the Chilean reform is the replacement of the acquired rights to a pension under the old system at a specific time in the payment guaranteed by the State and the introduction of compulsory endowment insurance of workers in several private competing companies organized at that point in time.The new system is compulsory for employees. Employees are required to pay 10% of their salary in one of these companies (the funds). Persons subject to compulsory insurance until the age of 65 years for men and 60 years for women.Insured persons are entitled to change the Fund and they pull with a right to the accumulated capital. The self-employed can get insurance in these funds voluntarily.In addition to the retirement benefits authority workers must also obtain insurance in the case of disablement and death. This would provide another 3% of salary.When reaching retirement age the insured person has the right to choose. He can use the accumulated capital or to acquire life-long personal pension insurance company, or agree with the so-called "programmed withdrawal from account"-payment of certain parts of the accumulated amount from your account within a specified time. The insured person can also get a one-time payment of such amount to the portion of the amount that remains on his personal account, would be sufficient for a pension in the amount of not less than 120% of the basic amount and not less than 70% of the last (before retirement) income.As in other systems with a limited amount of contribution in the Chilean system is also very difficult to assess in advance the level of pension provision. Cash payments funds are financed by the income premiums related to salary, as well as by income and reserves created by the accumulated capital. The result depends on the ratio of the average salary growth and the interest rate on the capital market. The higher the interest rate is higher than the percentage increase in wages, the higher, all other things being equal, the level of pension provision. In the end you can get from 20 to 70% of the last income. This is a relatively reliable basis for planning the level of pension provision.Funds invest income premiums on the Chilean and partly also in the international market of credit capital. In the period from 1981 to 1995 year average percentage return on investment was about 13% per annum. The funds in terms of yield significantly different from each other. In 1995 year in Chile in the market of lending capital a competitive crisis erupted, which in turn was reflected also in these funds. The funds lost 4.7% equity capital.Until 1995, it was resolved that 25 funds. However, some of them due to lack of profitability were closed. At the end of 1995, these funds accounted for about 5 million members. With only 3 million of them pay the premiums. Personal accounts of more 80% of insured are concentrated in the 5 largest funds. Capital funds was approximately 23 billion. United States dollars. This corresponds to half the size of the gross domestic product (GDP) of Chile.The Chilean pension reform aims to exclude the influence of the State and the policy on the pension system. In the past it was recognizing the boundaries of pensions and indexation. The economic prosperity of pensions have risen generously. As soon as a period of decline, pensions were in fact reduced by inflation. Although by law and provided for the indexing of pensions depending on price indexing mechanism did not work fully.As a result of the reform policy, indeed, at the outset, lost influence on the provision of pensions under the new system. But since only a small number of insured persons receiving such pensions, this circumstance is of secondary importance. However, there is still a significant impact State to obtain evidence on the provision of pensions and the creation of the capital.If the strategy of a Fund did not produce sufficient profits, pensions are awarded to the State. The minimum pension is only the person who uplačivalo contributions for 20 years.Legislative n

Результаты (английский) 2:

CHILEAN PENSION REFORM The Chilean model of pension reform is usually given as a sort of reference during the discussions on the best way of financing pensions. Argentina, Peru and Colombia have reformed their systems of pension insurance following the example of Chile, however, heavily modified prototype. The reform of the pension system was carried out in Chile in 1981, during the reign of A.Pinocheta. In discussing the use of the experience of Chile should be borne in mind that the Chilean reform was carried out in conditions of significant economic recovery. This allowed the government to provide generous funding of the pension reform. At this time came the stock market boom of Chile, which has led to a high level of return on pension funds. A significant factor behind the success of the reforms was the favorable demographic situation. In Chile, only 8% of the population of retirement age (in Russia - 16%), and accounted for 12.8 per pensioner employed. The main characteristic of the Chilean reform is the replacement of the acquired pension rights under the old system with a certain point of time in the state-guaranteed payments and the introduction of compulsory savings insurance workers in several private companies competing organized at that time. The new system is mandatory insurance of persons employed. Employees are required to pay 10% of their salaries into one of these companies (funds). Persons subject to compulsory insurance before the age of 65 for men and 60 for women. Insured persons have the right to change this or that entity and will they take with them the right to the accumulated capital. Self-employed people can insure themselves voluntarily in these funds. In addition to the pensions of workers should also be insured in case of disability and survivor. For this meant an additional 3% of salary. Upon reaching retirement age the insured has the right to choose. He can use the accumulated capital or to acquire a lifetime of personal pension insurance company or an agreement with the company about the so-called "programmed withdrawal from the account" - payment of certain portions of the accumulated amount from your account within the stipulated time. The insured person may also receive a lump sum payment to the extent that the part of the amount which remains in his personal account, would be sufficient to obtain a pension in the amount of not less than 120% of the base amount and not less than 70% from the last (before retirement) income . As in other systems with defined-contribution system in Chile it is also very difficult to assess in advance the level of pensions. Cash payments made ​​by the fund, financed out of the proceeds of insurance premiums related to the salary, as well as the revenues and reserves created by the accumulation of capital. The result depends on the ratio of the average wage growth and interest rate on the roar of the loan capital. The higher interest rate is greater than the percentage increase in wages, the higher ceteris paribus the level of pensions. The result can be obtained 20 to 70% yield of the latter. This is a relatively unreliable basis for planning the level of pension benefits. The funds invest proceeds of insurance premiums in the Chilean and partly also in the international market of loan capital. Between 1981 and 1995, the average percentage return on investment was about 13%. At the same time the funds in terms of return are significantly different from each other. In 1995, Chile's loan market crisis erupted competitive, which in turn is reflected also in these funds. As a result, funds lost 4.7% of share capital. Prior to 1995, were allowed to exist 25 funds. However, some of them due to lack of profitability were closed. At the end of 1995, these funds totaled about 5 million members. And of these, only 3 million to pay insurance premiums. Accounts over 80% of insured concentrated in 5 largest funds. Fixed capital assets of approximately $ 23 billion. US dollars. This corresponds to half the size of gross domestic product (GDP) in Chile. The Chilean pension reform aims to eliminate the influence of the state and politics in the pension system. In the past, it is to determine the boundaries of pensions and their indexation. At the stage of economic prosperity generous pensions increased. Once a period of recession, pensions were actually reduced by inflation. Although the law was provided for the indexation of pensions, depending on the price indexation mechanism was not working fully. As a result of the reform policy, indeed, at first lost its influence on the provision of pensions under the new system. But since there are still only a small number of insured persons receiving this kind of pension, this circumstance is of secondary importance. However, there is still a significant influence of the state on the grounds to provide pensions and the creation of this capital. In that case, if the strategy of a fund did not bring enough income, the pension provided by the state. Moreover, the minimum pension gets only the person who is to pay contributions for 20 years. The legislative district

Результаты (английский) 3:

ЧИЛИЙСКАЯ


the Chilean Pension Reform pension reform model is usually provided as a sort of reference during the discussion on the best way for financing pensions. Argentina,Peru and Colombia have been reforming their pension systems insurance for example Chile, it is true, very Guangdong prototype.lord reform of the pension system was held in Chile 1981, during the reign of as well.