Актуальность исследований Сложивша

Актуальность исследований

Сложившаяся в хлопководстве технология возделывания хлопчатника с междурядьями 60см и 90 см требует применение двух систем машин, но это сопряжено с определенными трудностями для машиностроительной промышленности и сельского хозяйства.
Экономически выгодно иметь одну систему машин, приспособленную для переменной ширины междурядий 80х40 см, что обеспечивает экономию оросительных вод, ГСМ и других ресурсов, повышение урожайности хлопчатника. Как показывают зарубежный опыт, на посевах хлопчатника с переменной шириной междурядий в перспективе следует использовать четырехколесные пропашные тракторы, который в меньшей степени по сравнении с трехколесными, уплотняют почву.
Сельхозформированиях работают по устаревшим технологиям, изношенность основных фондов и прежде всего сельхозтехники составляют 70-80 %.
Доля ручного труда высоко, в основном привлекаются к тяжелому ручному труду женщины и школьники сельской местности, дети фермеров и крестьян (прополка и уборка).
Себестоимость продукции повышается из-за применения ручного труда, например фермер за ручной сбор хлопка-сырца платит 20-22 тенге за 1 кг, это составляет около 35-40 % себестоимости продукта.
Средняя урожайность хлопка-сырца низкая, за 2000-2012 годы в целом по области составило 21,6 ц/га, в том числе по крестьянским (фермерским) хозяйствам – 22,8 ц/га, сельхозпредприятиям – 14,1 ц/га, хозяйствам населения – 23,7 ц/а.
Нестабильность и низкая урожайность хлопка-сырца зависит от технологической особенности возделывания хлопчатника (несоблюдение требования агротехники) и от ирригационно-мелиоративного состояния засоленных земель в условиях Голодной степи и других регионов области.
При традиционном орошении хлопчатника по бороздам, более 25 – 30 % подаваемой воды теряется на испарение, глубинную фильтрацию и поверхностный сброс. Помимо этого, при близком залегании уровня грунтовых вод увеличивается испарение влаги и в корнеобитаемом слое почвы происходит накопление токсичных солей. Случаи участились в последние годы на старо орошаемой зоне, находящихся вблизи реки Сырдарья Мактаральского района, из-за выхода из строя вертикальных и горизонтальных дренажных сооружений, уровень залегания грунтовых вод (0,8 – 1,2 м) стал причиной позднего сева. На поздних севах особо сильное повреждение урожая наносят различные сельскохозяйственные вредители – тля, паутинный клещ, табачный трипс, хлопковая и озимая совка, карадрина.
Фермерские хозяйства в годы (например, 2014 году) из-за обильных дождей и снегопадов испытывали затруднения, ранней весной из-за подъёма грунтовых вод, подготовка почвы к посеву затянулся. Оставалось ожидать естественного отхода подземных вод, тем самым пропущен важный агротехнический срок посева хлопчатника. Посев хлопчатника должен выполняться в начале апреля. А данная ситуация не позволяет фермерам выполнять сроки агроприёмов по агротехнике. Только в начале мая начинается запоздалый сев хлопчатника. Когда поздно засевают хлопок, ожидаются отрицательные факторы, самым нежелательным из них является хлопковая сова и другие вредители и болезни. Поздний урожай подвергается разным болезням и нашествиям опасных вредителей хлопчатника и поздняя уборка урожая во многом зависит от осенней погоды, соответственно в результате мы получаем хлопчатник менее качественный и низкого сорта. Последствия затягивает осенняя обработка почвы, подготовка к следующему году.

Результаты (английский) 1:

Relevance research

in the cotton growing technology of cotton with 60 cm and 90 cm inter-row spacing requires the use of two systems of machines but it is difficult for the engineering industry and agriculture.
Economically advantageous to have a single system of machines designed for variable-width spacing 80 x 40 cm that save irrigation water, fuel and other resources, to increase the yield of cotton. According to international experience, the crops of cotton with variable width row spacing should be used in future four-wheeled tractors, which to a lesser degree compared with the three-wheeled, condense the soil.
Sel′hozformirovaniâh work on legacy technologies, depreciation of fixed assets, and first of all agricultural machinery make up 70-80%.
The proportion of manual labour is high, mainly involved in heavy manual labour, women and rural students, the children of farmers and peasants (weeding and tidying).
production cost increases due to the use of manual labour, for example the farmer for hand picking the cotton pays 20-22 tenge per 1 kg, it is around 35-40% of the cost of the product.
Mean raw cotton yields low for 2000-2012 years overall in the region amounted to 21.6 kg/ha, including peasant (farmers ') holdings-22.8 kg/ha, farmers-14.1 kg/ha, households-23.7 c/a.
Instability and low raw cotton yields depends on the technological characteristics of cotton cultivation (failure to comply with the requirements of the machinery) and from irrigation-reclamation of saline in conditions of hunger steppe and other parts of the region.
The traditional irrigation of cotton furrow irrigation, more than 25-30% of the water is lost through evaporation, deep filter and surface relief. In addition, When close occurrence in groundwater evaporation of moisture in root-inhabited layer of soil is the accumulation of toxic salts. The cases have become more frequent in recent years in old irrigated zone, the Syr Darya River near Maktaral′skogo district, due to the failure of the vertical and horizontal drainage, groundwater level (0.8-1.2 m) resulted in late planting. Sevah particularly strong in the later crop damage are different pests, aphids, spider mites, thrips, cotton and winter moth, karadrina.
farms in years (for example, 2014 year) due to heavy rains and snowfall have experienced difficulties in early spring due to the rising water table, soil preparation for sowing was delayed. Had expected natural groundwater withdrawal Thus omitted an important agrotechnical cotton sowing date. Cotton sowing must be performed at the beginning of April. But this situation does not allow farmers to date agropriëmov on agriculture. Only at the beginning of may, begins late sowing of cotton. When the late planted cotton, are negative factors, the most desirable of them all is the OWL and other cotton pests and diseases. Late harvest is subject to various diseases and pests of cotton plant invasions and late harvest depends on weather, autumn Accordingly the result is lower quality and lower cotton varieties. The consequences of delaying the fall tillage, preparing for the next year.

Результаты (английский) 2:

Relevance of research The current technology in cotton cultivation cotton with aisles 60cm and 90 cm requires the use of two systems of machines, but it is difficult to determine for the engineering industry and agriculture. economically advantageous to have a system of machines adapted to variable row spacing 80x40 cm, which provides saving irrigation water, fuel and other resources, increasing the yield of cotton. As the international experience on cotton with a variable width between rows in the future you should use four-wheel tractors, which to a lesser extent compared with the three-wheeled, compacted soil. agricultural enterprises operate on older technology, depreciation of fixed assets and primarily agricultural 70-80% . The share of manual labor is high, mainly involved in heavy manual labor, women and rural students, children of farmers and peasants (weeding and harvesting). Production costs increased due to the use of manual labor, such as a farmer for hand-picking cotton pays 20 22 tenge per 1 kg, it is about 35-40% of the cost of the product. average yield of cotton is low, for the years 2000-2012 in the whole region was 21.6 kg / ha, including the peasant (private) farms - 22.8 kg / ha, agricultural enterprises - 14.1 c / ha, households - 23.7 c / a. instability and low yields of cotton depends on the technological features of cotton cultivation (non-compliance with the requirements of Machinery) and on irrigation and reclamation status saline land in the Hunger Steppe and other districts of the region. With traditional cotton irrigation furrows, more than 25 - 30% of the supplied water is lost to evaporation, deep percolation and surface release. In addition, when is shallow groundwater level increases the evaporation of moisture in the root zone of the soil is the accumulation of toxic salts. Cases have increased in recent years, the old irrigated areas near the Syr Darya River Maktaral area because of a failure of the vertical and horizontal drainage facilities, the level of groundwater (0.8 - 1.2 m) was the reason for the late sowing. In the later sevah particularly strong crop damage cause different pests - aphids, spider mites, thrips, cotton and winter scoop karadrina. Farms in years (eg, 2014) due to heavy rains and snowfall have trouble in the early spring of -this lift groundwater, soil preparation for sowing was delayed. Had expected natural withdrawal of groundwater, thereby missing an important agro-technical term for cotton planting. Cotton sowing must be carried out in early April. But this situation does not allow farmers to carry out the terms agropriёmov agronomic techniques. Only in the beginning of May begins a belated planting cotton. When late seeded cotton, expected negative factors, the most desirable of these is the Cotton owl and other pests and diseases. Late harvest is exposed to various diseases and invasions dangerous pests of cotton and late harvest depends on the autumn weather, respectively, as a result we get lower quality cotton and low grade. The consequences of delaying autumn Soil preparation for the next year.

Результаты (английский) 3:

Relevance studies more multitasking performance

the prevailing scientific research institutes of the cotton cultivation technology with a spacing 60cm and 90 cm requires the use of two systems machines,But it is difficult for engineering industries and agriculture.
Economically beneficial to have a single system machines, tailored for variable-width row spacing 80x40 cm,That provides savings irrigation waters, GSM and other resources, enhance cotton yield. As a show, acquire experienceThe cotton acreage with variable spacing in the long term should be used four-wheeled row crop tractors, which to a lesser extent in comparison with, compact the soil.
Сельхозформированиях operate on older technologies, outdated core funds, and first of all machinery is 70-80 %.
The share of manual labor appreciates,In the main are involved in heavy manual labor women and schoolchildren rural areas, children farmers and peasants (weeding and) .
production increases due to the use of manual labor,For example a farmer for manual data collection cotton lint pays 20 to 22 tenge for 1 kg, this is 35-40 per cent cost of the product.
yield average raw cotton low, for the years 2000-2012 2000-2012 2000-2012 2000-2012 in general on the field amounted to 21.6 u/ha,Including the peasant (farm) households - 22.8 u/ha, react - 14,1 b/ha, households population - 23.7 u/a.
Instability and low yields raw cotton depends on the technological features cotton cultivation (failure to comply with requirements agricultural engineering) and from irrigation and status-salineIn a Hungry Steppe and other regions.
When a traditional irrigation cotton on straight tracks, more than 25 - 30 % water is lost to evaporation, depth filtration and surface-reset. In addition to this,When near-occurrences groundwater levels will increase moisture evaporation and in foods produced soil there is an accumulation of toxic salts. Cases have become more frequent in recent years, the old irrigated zone,Located near the river Syr Darya Мактаральского area, due to the failure vertical and horizontal drainage, groundwater level (abundance) (0.8 - 1.2 m) has become a reason for the late planting.In the later севах particularly severe damage to crops are various agricultural pests - an aphid, паутинныи oryzae, tobacco thrips, cotton and buckwheat, onagers карадрина.
farmers in years (for example,2014 Year) due to the heavy rains and snowfall experienced difficulties, early spring from the groundwater, soil preparation for seeding has persisted. Has remained waiting for natural retreat underground waters,Thus missed an important farming term cotton. Cotton Planting should be done in the beginning of April. And this situation does not allow farmers to implement the agriculture for gardeners.Only at the beginning of May begins late planting cotton. When late acreages cotton, is expected to have a negative factors, the most undesirable of them is cotton Pooh and other pests and diseases.Late harvest has been subjected to different diseases and Catholicos' dangerous pests cotton and later harvesting largely depends on the autumn weather,Accordingly, as a result, we're less than a quality cotton and low-class. Consequences of delaying fall tillage, preparations for the next year.