Цель лекции – сформировать знания о

Цель лекции – сформировать знания о природных ресурсах как источника жизнеобеспечения общества и рациональном природопользовании как одном из условий устойчивого развития
Ключевые слова – природные ресурсы, устойчивое развитие, общество, природа, охрана окружающей среды, рациональное природопользование, безотходные технологии, полезные ископаемые.
Основные вопросы и краткое содержание:
1. Характеристика природных ресурсов и их классификации
2. Рациональное природопользование, малоотходные и безотходные технологии
3. Биологические ресурсы и продовольственная безопасность
4. Экологически чистые источники энергии как компоненты устойчивого развития экосистем и общества
Природные ресурсы – это основа жизни любого человеческого общества. К ним относятся те средства существования людей, которые не созданы их трудом. Это вода, почва, растения, животные, микроорганизмы, полезные ископаемые, космические ресурсы (энергия солнца). Среди полезных ископаемых можно выделить энергетические (каменный уголь, нефть, газ, горючие сланцы) и минеральные ресурсы, используемые непосредственно или переработанные (обогащение различных руд). Существуют различные классификации природных ресурсов. Например, по использованию природные ресурсы подразделяются на производственные, здравоохранительные, эстетические, научные и др.; а по принадлежности к каким-либо компонентам природы – на земельные, водные, лесные, минеральные, энергетические и др.
Наиболее общая классификация природных ресурсов по их исчерпаемости. Согласно этой классификации все природные ресурсы делятся на исчерпаемые и неисчерпаемые (Схема 12). Исчерпаемые ресурсы в свою очередь подразделяются на возобновимые и невозобновимые. К возобновимым ресурсам относятся живой компонент биосферы, некоторые минеральные ресурсы (например, соли, осаждающиеся в озерах и морских лагунах), а также почва, плодородие которой формируется на протяжении большого промежутка времени и являющейся одной из самых дефицитных ресурсов. Однако темпы использования возобновимых ресурсов должны соответствовать темпам их восстановления, иначе возобновимые ресурсы могут стать невозобновимыми. К невозобновимым ресурсам относятся богатства недр Земли, которые не восстанавливаются или восстанавливаются значительно медленнее, чем идет их использование. Это горнорудные ресурсы, которые образовались в особых физико-географических условиях, и такие полезные ископаемые, как каменный уголь, нефть, природный газ, которые представляют собой мертвую органику и формировались в течение миллионов лет. К неисчерпаемым ресурсам относятся космические, климатические и водные ресурсы. Космические ресурсы – это солнечная радиация и энергия морских приливов и отливов, обусловленных воздействием Луны на нашу планету. Поступление солнечной радиации на поверхность Земли зависит от состояния атмосферы и степени ее загрязненности. Климатические ресурсы – это атмосферный воздух, атмосферные осадки, ветер. Водные ресурсы – это водный запас Земли. В глобальном масштабе этот ресурс неисчерпаем, но в локальном масштабе он может быть исчерпан (например, Аральское море).
Человек с первых дней своего существования стал эксплуатировать природу. Однако в современном мире потребительское отношение к окружающей среде перешло все разумные границы. Начиная с бронзового века, человек стал систематически добывать полезные ископаемые. До 18 века человечество использовало ≈ 30 химических элементов, в начале 20 века в промышленную обработку было вовлечено более 50 элементов, а в настоящее время – более 100 элементов таблицы Менделеева. Потребности в полезных ископаемых неуклонно растут, и спрос на них обусловлен, прежде всего, демографическим ростом. Начиная примерно с 50-х годов 20 столетия, развитые страны расходуют минерального сырья больше, чем весь мир за все предвоенное время. За последние 30 лет полезных ископаемых разведано и добыто больше, чем за всю историю человечества.
Казахстан занимает одно из ведущих мест в мире по запасам полезных ископаемых. По запасам свинца, цинка, хромитов, серебра, вольфрама, висмута, ванадия и др. цветных металлов наша республика занимает первое место среди бывших союзных республик, а по меди, асбесту, железу, коксующемуся углю, нефти – одно из первых мест в мире. Широкомасштабные темпы добычи и использования минеральных ресурсов способствуют загрязнению окружающей среды такими элементами, как цинк, медь, свинец, никель, мышьяк, молибден, селен, сурьма, кадмий, ртуть, вольфрам. По мнению многих специалистов, общая токсичность этих элементов превышает суммарную токсичность радиоактивных и органических загрязнителей. Эти элементы, накапливаясь в окружающей среде и попадая по пищевой цепочке в организм человека, создают серьезную угрозу здоровью, вызывая не только физиологические изменения, но и поражая генетический материал (мутагенный эффект).
В результате разносторонней и часто необдуманной деятельности человека сокращается количество видов животных (кожистая черепаха, каспийский тюлень, усурийский тигр, дрофа и др.) и растений (жень-шень, цитверная полынь и др.). Эти биологические ресурсы Земли имеют первостепенное значение, так как определяют, прежде всего, биологическую основу жизнедеятельности людей. Биологические ресурсы количественно возобновимы (через размножение), но качественно практически невосстановимы, так как потеря вида или экосистемы безвозвратна.
К биологическим ресурсам относятся и генетические ресурсы

Результаты (английский) 1:

The aim of the lectures is to generate knowledge on natural resources as a source of sustenance of society and environmental management as a condition of sustainable developmentKey words: natural resources, sustainable development, society, nature, environment, environmental management, waste technologies, minerals.The main issues and summary: 1. characteristics of natural resources and their classification 2. environmental management, waste and waste technologies 3. biological resources and food security 4. Clean energies as components of sustainable development, ecosystems and societyNatural resources are the basis of the life of any human society. These include the means of existence of people who are not their work. It's water, soil, plants, animals, microorganisms, minerals, space resources (solar energy). Among the minerals can be identified, energy (coal, oil, gas, shale oil) and mineral resources used directly or processed (enrichment of various ores). There are different classifications of natural resources. For example, on the use of natural resources are subdivided into manufacturing, health, aesthetic, scientific, etc.; and by any components of nature-on land, water, forest, mineral, energy, etc.The most general classification of natural resources on their finite nature. According to this classification, all natural resources are divided into renewable and inexhaustible (Figure 12). Exhaustible resources are further subdivided into renewable energy and non-renewable. To for renewable resources include the live component of the biosphere, some mineral resources (for example, salt, osaždaûŝiesâ in lakes and marine lagoons), as well as soil fertility which is formed over a large period of time and is one of the most scarce resources. However, the rate of use of renewable resources must match the pace of their recovery, otherwise the renewable energy resources could become nevozobnovimymi. To nevozobnovimym include the wealth of the Earth that are not restored or recovered significantly slower than going to use them. This mining resources, which formed in special physical and geographical conditions, and minerals such as coal, oil, natural gas, which represent the dead organic matter and formed over millions of years. Resources are limitless space, climate and water resources. Space resources is the solar radiation and the energy of sea tides, caused by the influence of the moon on our planet. Receipt of solar radiation on the Earth's surface depends on the State of the atmosphere and its degree of soiling. Climatic resources is ambient air, precipitation, and wind. Water is a water supply of land. Globally, this resource is inexhaustible, but locally it can be exhausted (for example, the Aral Sea).People with the first days of its existence became exploit nature. However, in today's world consumer attitudes towards the environment has passed all reasonable limits. Since the bronze age, people began to systematically extract minerals. Up to 18 century, mankind has used ≈ 30 chemical elements at the beginning of the 20 century in industrial processing involved more than 50 items, and now more than 100 elements of the periodic table. Demand for minerals has been steadily increasing, and the demand for them is due, above all, demographic growth. Starting around the 50-IES of the 20 century, the developed countries spend more minerals than the whole world for all the prewar. Over the past 30 years and has mineral resources extracted more than in the entire history of mankind.Kazakhstan occupies one of leading places in the world for mineral reserves. Reserves of lead, zinc, chromite, silver, tungsten, bismuth, vanadium, etc. non-ferrous metals, our Republic occupies first place among the former Soviet republics, and on copper, asbestos, iron, oil, coking coal is one of the first places in the world. Massive rate of extraction and utilization of minerals contributes to environmental pollution elements such as zinc, copper, lead, nickel, arsenic, molybdenum, selenium, antimony, cadmium, mercury, tungsten. According to many experts, the total toxicity of these items exceeds the total toxicity of radioactive and organic pollutants. These elements accumulate in the environment and getting on the food chain to humans, pose a serious threat to health, causing not only physiological changes, but also striking genetic material (mutagenic effect).As a result of diverse and often thoughtless human activities reduces the number of animal species (leatherback turtle, Caspian seal, usurijskij Tiger, Bustard, etc.) and plants (ginseng, wormwood citvernaâ, etc.). These biological resources of the Earth are of paramount importance, because, first of all, determine the biological basis of human activity. Biological resources being renewable quantified (via multiplication), but qualitatively virtually irreplaceable, because loss of species or ecosystem is irreversible.Biological resources include genetic resources

Результаты (английский) 2:

The purpose of the lecture - to generate knowledge on natural resources as a source of livelihood of society and environmental management as a one of the conditions for sustainable development
Keywords - natural resources, sustainable development, society, nature, the environment, environmental management, waste technologies, mineral resources.
Major issues and Summary:
1. Characteristics of natural resources and their classification
2. Environmental management, low-waste and non-waste technology
3. Biological resources and food security
4. Eco-friendly energy sources as components of sustainable development of ecosystems and society
Natural Resources - is the foundation of the life of any human society. They are the means of existence of people who do not set up their work. This water, soil, plants, animals, microorganisms, minerals, space resources (solar energy). The minerals can be isolated energy (coal, oil, gas, shale oil) and mineral resources that are used directly or processed (enrichment of various ores). There are various classifications of natural resources. For example, the use of natural resources are divided into manufacturing, health, aesthetic, scientific, etc .; as well as belonging to any component of nature - on land, water, forest, mineral, energy and others.
The most common classification of the natural resources of their exhaustion. According to this classification all natural resources are divided into exhaustible and inexhaustible (Figure 12). Exhaustible resources, in turn, are divided into renewable and nonrenewable. For renewable resources include a live component of the biosphere, some mineral resources (eg, salts, precipitating in the lakes and sea lagoons), as well as soil fertility which is formed over a long period of time and is one of the scarcest resources. However, the rate of use of renewable resources must comply with the pace of their recovery, or renewable resources may be non-renewable. For non-renewable resources are mineral resources of the Earth, which can not be restored or recovered much more slowly than is their use. This mining resources, which were formed in special geographical conditions, and such minerals as coal, oil, natural gas, that are dead organic material and formed over millions of years. By inexhaustible resources include space, climate and water resources. Space Resources - is the solar radiation and the energy of the tides due to the influence of the moon on our planet. Receipt of solar radiation on the earth's surface depends on the state of the atmosphere and its degree of contamination. Climatic conditions - it is air, precipitation, wind. Water - a water supply of the earth. Globally, this resource is inexhaustible, but on a local scale, it can be settled (for example, the Aral Sea).
A man from the first days of its existence became to exploit nature. However, in today's world consumer attitude to the environment has passed all reasonable limits. Since the Bronze Age, people began to systematically extract minerals. Until the 18th century mankind has used ≈ 30 chemical elements in the early 20th century in the industrial processing were involved more than 50 members, and now - more than 100 elements of the periodic table. Requirements for minerals is growing steadily, and demand for them is due, above all, population growth. From around the 50s of the 20th century, developed countries consume minerals more than the whole world for all the prewar period. Over the past 30 years of minerals explored and produced more than in the entire history of mankind.
Kazakhstan is one of the leading places in the world reserves of minerals. In reserves of lead, zinc, chromite, silver, tungsten, bismuth, vanadium, and others. Nonferrous metals our country ranks first among the former Soviet republics, and copper, asbestos, iron, coking coal, oil - one of the first places in the world. Large-scale production rates and use of mineral resources contribute pollution elements such as zinc, copper, lead, nickel, arsenic, molybdenum, selenium, antimony, cadmium, mercury, tungsten. According to many experts, the overall toxicity of these elements exceeds the total toxicity of radioactive and organic pollutants. These items accumulate in the environment and getting into the food chain to humans, pose a serious threat to health, causing not only physical changes but also affecting the genetic material (mutagenic effect).
As a result, diverse and often thoughtless human activities reduced the number of animal species ( leatherback turtle, the Caspian seal, usuriysky tiger, bustards and others.) and plants (ginseng, tsitvernaya wormwood, etc..). These biological resources of the Earth are of paramount importance, since it is determined first of all, the biological basis of human activity. Biological resources are renewable quantitatively (through reproduction), but the quality is practically unrecoverable, as the loss of a species or ecosystem forever.
By biological resources and related genetic resources

Результаты (английский) 3:

The objective lectures - to form a knowledge of the natural resources as a source of livelihood and environmental management as one of the conditions for sustainable development
key words - natural resources,Sustainable development, society, nature, the protection of the environment, environmental management, wasting nothing, minerals.
the main issues and a summary of the content of:
1.The natural resources and their classification
2. Environmental management, occupational diseases and wasting nothing
3. Biological resources and food security
4.Environmentally sound energy sources as well as components of sustainable development ecosystems and society
natural resources - this is the basis of life of any human society. These include the means of subsistence of the people,Which do not have established their labor. This is water, soil, plants, animals, micro-organisms, minerals, space resources (energy from the sun). Among mineral resources can be allocated to energy (coal,Oil, gas, combustible slates) and mineral resources used directly or recycled (enrichment various ores). There are various classifications natural resources. For example,The use of natural resources are divided into production, health, aesthetic, scientific, etc. ; and the accessories to any components of nature - on land, water, forest,Mineral resources, energy and much more.
the most common classification natural resources on their political response. According to this classification all the natural resources are divided into should focus more energetically and vast (Diagram 12).A finite resources in turn, are subdivided into возобновимые, and. The возобновимым resources include a live component biosphere, some mineral resources (for example, salt,Осаждающиеся in lakes and marine lagoons), as well as soil, soil fertility which is formed over a large period of time and is one of the most scarce resource.However, the rate of use renewable resources must match the pace of recovery, otherwise возобновимые resources may become невозобновимыми. The невозобновимым resources include subsoil wealth of land,That will not be restored or are in the process of being restored are considerably slower than is their use. It is mining resources, which have emerged in special physico-geographical conditions,And such minerals, such as coal, oil, natural gas, which represent a dead upon and have evolved for millions of years. The inexhaustible resources include space,Climate and water resources. Space resources - this solar radiation and energy marine tidal variations and, due to the Moon impact on our planet.The solar radiation on the surface of the earth depends on the state of the atmosphere and extent of its muddy conditions. Climatic resources - this is the atmospheric air, precipitation, wind.Water resources - is a water supply of land. On a global scale this resource researchers, but on a local scale it can be exhausted (for example, the Aral Sea) .
People from the very first days of its existence was to exploit nature. However, in the contemporary world consumer attitude to the environment has moved all reasonable limits. Since the bronze age,Man has systematically obtain minerals. 18 century mankind has used ≈ 30 chemical elements, in the beginning of the 20th century in industrial processing was involved more than 50 elements,And now - more than 100 items in the table Mendeleev. Requirements for mineral resources has been steadily growing, and the demand for them is due, first of all, demographic growth. Starting with approximately 50-s, 20 century,Developed countries spend mineral raw materials more than the entire world for all предвоенное time. For the past 30 years of minerals iron ore and crude oil production more, than in the entire history of mankind.
Kazakhstan is one of the leading places in the world for stocks of minerals. The stocks lead, zinc, chromite ores, silver, tungsten, bismuth, vanadium and others.Non-ferrous metals our republic took the first place among the former Soviet republics, as well as copper, any, breast, коксующемуся coal, oil is one of the first places in the world.Large-scale production rates and use of mineral resources contribute to pollution of the environment by such elements, such as zinc, copper, lead, nickel, arsenic, molybdenum, selenium, antimony, cadmium, mercury, tungsten.In the view of many experts, the total toxicity these elements exceeds accumulated toxicity radioactive and organic pollutants. These elements,Organism in the environment, and actuating the food chain in the human organism, pose a serious threat to human health, causing not only physiological changes,But they affect genetic material (mutagenic effect) .
in a multifaceted and often unreasonable human activity reduces the number of species of animals (now turtle, ecological,Усуриискии tiger, borrows and etc. ) and plants (father's tutelage, Shen, цитверная hell, etc. ). The biological resources of the Earth are of the utmost importance, as determine, first and foremost,Biological basis for human activity. Biological resources quantify возобновимы (through reproduction), but qualitatively virtually is unrecoverable, as loss of species or ecosystems безвозвратна.
The biological resources include and genetic resources