10. Эпоха Дворцовых переворотов: пр

10. Эпоха Дворцовых переворотов: причины, значение и последствия.
После смерти Петра Великого (28 января 1725 г.) началась долгая и жестокая борьба дворянских группировок за власть и возведение на престол своего ставленника. Наибольшим влиянием на тот момент обладал Меншиков. Именно он в 1725 г. возвел на престол Екатерину 1 (вдову Петра 1). Она, для укрепления власти и своего положения учредила Верховный тайный совет. 
Императрица назвала своим наследником в завещании Петра 2, внука Петра Великого, которому на тот момент было 12 лет. Симпатии юного императора сумели завоевать Голицины. И, в итоге, Меншиков и вся его семья были сосланы. В Верховный тайный совет вошли представители еще двух знатнейших семейств – Голициных и Долгоруких. Власть тайного совета еще более усилилась. 
Петр 2 умер рано – от оспы. И в 1730 г. на престол взошла Анна Иоанновна. Первоначально она согласилась с требованием Верховного тайного совета ограничить свою власть и подписала соответствующие бумаги. Но, после восшествия на престол «кондиции» были разорваны, а Верховный тайный совет – распущен. Правил страной в это время немец Бирон – фаворит императрицы. Последующее десятилетие было отмечено расхищением казны страны и засильем иностранцев. Анна Иоанновна объявила наследником престола трехмесячного внука своей сестры. Регентом при нем стал Бирон. Скоро регентство перешло к матери младенца Анне Леопольдовне. Но, надолго удержаться у власти ей не удалось. В ночь с 24 на 25 ноября 1741 г.Елизавета Петровна (1741 – 1761 гг.) при поддержке гвардейцев осуществила государственный переворот. Законный император был сослан в Сибирь, как и влиятельные иноземцы. В возрасте 23-х лет Иоанн был убит при попытке освобождения. Страна на некоторое время вернулась к порядкам Петра 1. Таможенные сборы были отменены, а права дворянства увеличены. Помещики получили право продавать своих крестьян в рекруты. 
В 1756 г. началась Семилетняя война. Россия, в союзе с Австрией, Швецией и Францией выступила против Пруссии. 100-тысячное войско России вступило в войну и смогло нанести сокрушительное поражение врагу. В 1758 г. был взят Кенигсберг. 
Петр 3 искренне восхищался Фридрихом и он заключил мир и военный союз с ним. Это привело к недовольству его правлением всех слоев общества. Напротив, его супруга Екатерина Алексеевна становилась все более популярна. Поддерживаемая гвардейцами Семеновского и Измайловского полков, она захватила власть и принудила супруга подписать отречение. Вскоре после этого Петр 3 был убит. Так завершилась эпоха дворцовых переворотов. Страна вступила в золотой век Екатерининского правления.

Результаты (английский) 1:

10. the era of coups: causes, significance and implications.After the death of Peter the great (January 28, 1725) started a long and brutal fight noble factions for power and construction on the throne of his protégé. The greatest influence at that time possessed Menshikov. It was he who in 1725 g. enthroned Catherine 1 (widow of Peter 1). It, for the consolidation of power and its provisions established the Supreme Privy Council. Empress named his heir in the will of Peter 2, grandson of Peter the great, which at that time was 12 years old. The sympathies of the young emperor were able to win the Goliciny. And, as a result, Menshikov and his entire family were exiled. The Supreme Privy Council included representatives of two more of the most illustrious families-the Golicinyh and dolgorukiy. The power of the Privy Council intensified. Peter 2 died early, from smallpox. And in 1730, Anna throne. Initially, she agreed with the requirement of the Supreme Privy Council limit its authority and signed the relevant paper. But after the Ascension to the throne "conditions" were severed, and the Supreme Privy Council is dissolved. Ruled the country at that time German Biron is a favorite of the Empress. The ensuing decade has seen plunder the coffers of the country and the domination of foreigners. Anna declared heir to the throne three months her sister's grandson. Regent when it became Biron. Soon the Regency passed to the baby's mother Anna Leopol′dovne. But, stay in power for a long time it did not. In the night from 24 to 25 November 1741 g. Elizabeth (1741-1761), with the support of Guardsmen carried out a coup d ' état. The legal emperor was exiled to Siberia, as influential foreigners. At the age of 23 years John was killed while trying to release. Country for a while returned to order Peter 1. Customs duties were abolished and the rights of the nobility increased. Landowners were given the right to sell their peasants in recruits. In 1756, the seven years ' war began. Russia, in alliance with Austria, Sweden and France had opposed Prussia. 100-thousandth army Russia entered the war and could inflict a crushing defeat on the enemy. In 1758 he was taken of Koenigsberg. Peter 3 sincerely admired Friedrich and he made peace and military alliance with them. This led to discontent his rule of all segments of society. On the contrary, his wife Ekaterina Alekseyevna became increasingly popular. Supported by guards Semenovskiy and Izmailovsky regiments, she seized power and forced the wife to sign a renunciation. Shortly thereafter, Peter was killed 3. Thus ended the era of coups. The country entered the golden age of Catherine's reign.

Результаты (английский) 2:

10. The era of palace revolutions:. The causes, meaning and effect
after the death of Peter the Great (January 28, 1725) began a long and bitter struggle noble factions for power, and the enthronement of his protege. The biggest influence at that time had Menshikov. It was he who in 1725 enthroned Catherine 1 (widow of Peter 1). It is, to strengthen his position of power and established the Supreme Privy Council. 
The Empress named as his successor in the will of Peter 2, the grandson of Peter the Great, who at that time was 12 years old. The sympathies of the young emperor managed to win Golitshins. And, finally, Menshikov and his family were exiled. The Supreme Privy Council includes representatives of two noble families - Golitsyn and Dolgoruky. The power of the Privy Council has been intensified. 
Peter 2 died early - from smallpox. And in 1730 he ascended to the throne of Anna Ivanovna. Initially, she agreed with the requirement of the Supreme Privy Council to limit their power and signed the appropriate paper. But, after the accession to the throne "condition" had been severed, and the Supreme Privy Council - dissolved. Law of the country at that time the German Biron - favorite of the Empress. The subsequent decade has seen plundering the country's treasury and foreign domination. Anna Ivanovna declared heir to the throne three grandson of his sister. Regent when it became Biron. Soon, the regency passed to the baby's mother Anna Leopoldovna. But for a long time to stay in power failed. In the night from 24 to 25 November 1741 g.Elizaveta Petrovna (1741 -. 1761) with the support of the guards carried out a coup d'etat. The legitimate emperor was exiled to Siberia, as well as influential foreigners. At the age of 23 years, John was killed while trying to release. The country for some time returned to the orders of Peter 1. Customs duties have been abolished, and the rights of the nobility increased. Landowners were given the right to sell their peasants to the army. 
In 1756 the Seven Years' War. Russia, in alliance with Austria, Sweden and France opposed Prussia. 100,000th Russian army entered the war and was able to inflict a crushing defeat of the enemy. In 1758 he was taken Konigsberg. 
Peter 3 admired Frederick and he made peace and military alliance with him. This has led to dissatisfaction with his rule all walks of life. On the contrary, his wife Catherine A. is becoming increasingly popular. Supported Semenovski Guards and Izmailovsky regiments, it seized power and forced the wife to sign a recantation. Shortly thereafter, Peter 3 was killed. Thus ended the era of palace revolutions. The country has entered a golden age of Catherine's reign.

Результаты (английский) 3:

10. the palace coups: causes, significance and impact.after the death of peter the great (28 january 1725.) started a long and severe struggle of groups for power and the power of his appointee. the greatest influence at that time had menshikov. is he in 1725. has enthroned catherine 1 (widow of peter (1). she, in order to strengthen the power and its provisions established the supreme privy совет. empress named his successor in his will, peter ii, grandson of peter the great, who at the time was 12 years old. the young emperor, managed to win the sympathy of голицины. and, in the end, menshikov and his entire family were exiled. the supreme privy council, representatives of two of the best families, голициных and долгоруких. the privy council even more усилилась. 2 peter died early from smallpox. in 1730. the throne rose anna of russia. initially, she agreed with the requirement of the supreme privy council to limit his power, and signed the relevant papers. but, after the accession to the throne "кондиции» were severed, and the supreme privy council is dissolved. the rules of the country at that time, the german biron is a favourite of the empress. the subsequent decade was observed расхищением treasury and foreign domination of the country. anna of russia declared the heir to the throne three month old grandson of his sister. he became regent of biron. soon регентство passed to mother baby anne леопольдовне. but, for a long time to power it has. during the night of 24 / 25 november 1741 г.елизавета petrovna (1741 - 1761). with the support of the carried out a coup. the emperor was exiled to siberia, and influential foreigners. at the age of 23 years, john was killed when attempting to release. the country for a while back to peter"s faith. customs duties were abolished, and the rights of the nobility increased. the landlords have the right to sell their farmers in рекруты. in 1756. began the seven years" war. russia, in alliance with austria, sweden and france opposed prussia. 100 - a thousand army of russia entered the war, and was able to inflict a crushing defeat for the enemy. in 1758. was taken кенигсберг. peter 3 sincerely admired frederick and he made peace and military alliance with them. this led to the discontent of his rule, all sectors of society. on the contrary, his wife catherine alekseyevna became increasingly popular. the гвардейцами семеновского and izmaylovo regiments, she seized power and forced her to surrender. soon after, peter was killed. so ended the era of palace coups. the country has entered a golden age of ekaterina rule.