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38. "Perestroika" in the Soviet Union and its socio-political consequences.
Since 1985, the CPSU Central Committee General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev and his supporters began a policy of perestroika; dramatically increased political activity of the people, the mass formed, including radical and nationalist movements and organizations. Attempts to reform the control system have led to a deepening of the crisis in the country. The collapse of the Soviet Union took place against the backdrop of the general economic, foreign policy and the demographic crisis. In 1989, for the first time officially announced the beginning of economic crisis in the USSR (the economic growth gives way to fall). In the period of 1989-1991. It reaches a maximum main problem of the Soviet economy - a chronic trade deficit - from the free sale disappearing almost all major products, except bread. In almost all regions of the country introduced rationing e form of coupons. Since 1991, the demographic crisis (excess of deaths over births) was first recorded. Rejection of interference in other countries internal affairs entails a massive drop in the pro-Soviet communist regimes in Eastern Europe in 1989. Thus, there is an actual collapse of the Soviet sphere of influence, established following the Second World War. Occur centrifugal nationalist tendencies inherent, according to some authors, each multi-ethnic country, and manifested in the form of inter-ethnic conflicts and desires of individual nations to develop their own culture and economy. During the 1990-1991 biennium. there was a ton. n. "Parade of sovereignties" in which all the Union (one of the first was the RSFSR) and many of the autonomous republics adopted the Declaration of Sovereignty, which challenged the priority of all-union laws over republican, that the beginning of the "war of laws". Action to control the local economy were also taken by them, including failure to pay taxes to the Union and the Russian federal budget. These conflicts cut many economic ties, which further worsened the economic situation in SSSR.V March 1991 referendum, which voted for the "preservation of the USSR as a renewed federation of equal sovereign republics" more than 76% of those who took part in the referendum. Based on the concept of the referendum, taking into account the results anticipated conclusion of 20 August 1991 of a new union - the Union of Sovereign States (SSG) as a soft federation. A number of government and party leaders, under the banner of preserving the country's unity and to restore the hard party-state control over all spheres of life, undertook a coup attempt, also known as "the August coup." The defeat of the coup actually led to the collapse of the central government of the USSR, resubordinated authorities Republican leaders and accelerate the collapse. Within a month after the coup, declared independence one after another power almost all the Union republics. The authorities of the USSR as a subject of international law ceased to exist on 25-26 December 1991. Russia declared itself the legal successor of the State and the successor of the Soviet Union. Russia has not only benefited from the liquidation of the Union, but also lost. Its territory shrunk, the western border moved away to the east. She has lost the most important ports and access to the sea in the Baltic Sea. It is known that Russia is on the border with the three Baltic states, two of which are already officially submitted claims to its territory. Relations with Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania are far from ideal, and it is quite obvious that the other will not be in the near future. Russia lost four strategically important commercial port on the Baltic coast - Novotallinsky, Riga, Ventspils and Klaipeda and in the foreseeable future to compensate for the losses it will hardly be possible. In the absence of legislative registration of Russian border there was a lot of territorial disputes. In addition to disputes with the Baltic countries, Russia has serious disagreements with Ukraine over Crimea, which Russia lost on Khrushchev will. There is still more than 30 border areas, which may be the reason for the political complications. In fact, three major Russian region with the virgin lands and abundant natural resources in their time on the stroke of the pen of Stalin moved to Kazakhstan. The independence of the Central Asian and Caucasian republics changed the political structure in the south-eastern borders of Russia. Dramatically escalated the political situation in the North Caucasus. There proizoshlk deadly clashes between North Ossetia and Ingushetia. In December 1994, essentially the war between Russia and Chechnya itself.
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