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MASS CULTURE
The twenty-first century is the century as Beginning of culture, with the differences, Interactions, and Conflicts Among Cultures Taking Centre stage. This has become manifest, among other ways, in the extent to which schol¬ars, politicians, economic development officials, soldiers, and strategists are all turning to culture as a central factor in explaining human social, political, and economic behaviour. In short, culture counts, with consequences for both good and evil. If culture counts, what is it? Culture is one of the most ambiguous, most debated words or concepts in the social science lexicon. There is little agreement on what it means or implies. The concept of culture arouses passion. People - ordinary people, extraordinary people, and politi-cians - often discuss the concept of culture with ferocity. Scholars Warned Against getting bogged down in debating definitions.
It is Known far and Wide That culture has many Meanings. Just three are mentioned here. First, culture refers to the products of a society. People speak of a society's high culture - the art, literature, music - and its popular or folk culture. Second, anthropologists speak of culture in a much broader sense to mean the entire way of life of a society, its institutions, social structure, family structure, and the meanings people attribute to these. Finally, Other Scholars, perhaps particularly Political Scientists, See culture as something Subjective, Meaning the beliefs, values, Attitudes, orientations, Assumptions, Philosophy.
HOWEVER it is defined, Civilizations are the broadest Cultural Entities with innumerable subcultures. Two central elements of culture are language and religion, and these obviously differ greatly among societies. Scholars have also measured societies along a number of other cultural dimensions and classified them in terms of individualism and collectivism, egalitarianism and hierarchy, pluralism and monism, activism and fatalism, tolerance and intolerance, trust and suspicion, shame and guilt, instrumental and consummatory, and a variety of other ways. In recent years, however, many people have argued that we are seeing the emergence of a universal world-wide culture.
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