Социальные классы или общественные

Социальные классы или общественные классы - это разделение общества на группы по отношению к собственности на средства производства и общественному разделению труда.
Социальные классы зародились ещё в древнем Риме. Слово "class" разделяло людей на 6 сложных типов налога-плательщиков.Позже в 16 веке классы или общественные сословия подразумевали собой наличие собственности. Понятие «социальный класс» начали разрабатывать ученые Англии и Франции в XVII—XIX веках. Ими рассматривались такие антагонистические социальные группы, как богатые-бедные, рабочие-капиталисты, собственники-несобственники. Французские историки Ф. Гизо и О. Тьери показали противоположность классовых интересов и неизбежность их столкновения. Английские и французские политэкономы А. Смит и Д. Рикардораскрыли внутреннее строение классов.
Социальные классы у Карла Маркса
огласно марксизму, рабовладельческое, феодальное и капиталистическое общества разделены на несколько классов, включая два антогонистических класса (эксплуататоров и эксплуатируемых): сначала это были рабовладельцы и рабы; после — феодалы и крепостные крестьяне; наконец, в современном обществе, это буржуазия и пролетариат. Третий класс — это, как правило, ремесленники, мелкие торговцы, крестьяне, то есть те, кто имеет собственные средства производства, работает исключительно на себя, но при этом не использует другую рабочую силу, за исключением своей.
Самое важно по мнению Маркса в определение социального класса играла наличие собственности.Все кастовое деление сводилось к наличию собственности либо к его отсутствию.
Главным спором марксиской теории является спороносных наличия среднего класса .Многие утверждают что кроме малого числа менеджеров высшего звена приближённого к буржуазии среднего класса нет .
Альтернативные теории стратификация социальных классов.
Основателем этой теории был экономист Вебер .он разделял общество на следующие касты:
высший слой (высший класс), средний слой (средний класс) и низший слой (низший класс). Высший слой — это элитарное меньшинство населения. Средний слой является основным слоем, который стабилизирует все общество. Низший слой занимают люди, опустившиеся на социальное "дно "
Принятый в США вариант социальной стратификации:
* высший высший класс: руководитель общенациональной корпорации, совладелец крупной фирмы, высший военный чин, федеральный судья, крупный архитектор, известный врач, архиепископ;
* высший класс: руководитель средней фирмы, врач с частной практикой, адвокат, преподаватель университета;
* высший средний класс: преподаватель муниципального колледжа, менеджер среднего звена, учитель средней школы;
* средний средний класс: банковский служащий, дантист, учитель начальной школы, начальник смены на предприятии, служащий страховой компании, менеджер супермаркета, квалифицированный столяр;
* низший средний класс: автомеханик, парикмахер, бармен, квалифицированный рабочий, служащий гостиницы, работник почты, полицейский, водительгрузовика;
* средний низший класс: среднеквалифицированный рабочий, водитель такси;
* низший низший класс: посудомойка, домашняя прислуга, садовник, привратник, дворник, мусорщик, неработающие, полностью зависящие от программ государственного вспомоществования.
Заключение социальные классы и социальное расслоение это процессы которые начались достаточно давно с начала становлении цивилизации.Они прогрессировали видоизменялись и на сегодняшний день мы имеем чёткую структуру социальных каст в которых имеет место как подъем так и спуск по социальной лестнице

Результаты (английский) 1:

Social classes or social classes-this Division of society into groups with respect to the ownership of the means of production and the social division of labour.Social classes originated in ancient Rome. The word "class" was shared by people on 6 complex types of tax-payers. Later in the 16 century, classes or social estates meant a presence property. The concept of "social class" began to develop scientists of England and France in the 17th-19th centuries. They dealt with such antagonistic social groups as rich-poor, worker-capitalists, owners-nesobstvenniki. French historians f. Guizot and Thierry has shown the opposite of class interests and the inevitability of their collision. English and French politèkonomy a. Smith and d. Rikardoraskryli internal structure of classes.Social classes with Karl Marx According to Marxism, slave, feudal, and capitalist society is divided into several classes, including two class antogonističeskih (exploiters and exploited): first there were Slaveholders and slaves; After — feudal lords and serfs; Finally, in today's society, it is the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. Third grade is normally, craftsmen, small traders, peasants, i.e., those who have their own means of production, running solely on himself, but does not use another labour, except for her.The most important according to Marx in defining social class play property. all caste divisions was the availability of property or to its absence.The main dispute marksiskoj sporonosnyh theory is the existence of many middle class claim that except a small number of senior managers of approximating to the bourgeoisie middle class no.Alternative theories of social stratification of classes.The founder of this theory was Economist Weber. He shared the following: caste societythe highest layer (upper class), the middle layer (middle class), and the lowest layer (lower class). The highest layer is the elite minority of the population. The middle layer is the basic layer, which stabilizes the whole of society. The lowest layer is occupied by people descended on social "bottom"Adopted in the United States version of the social stratification:* the highest upper class: head of national corporations, co-owner of a major firm, the highest military rank, a federal judge, a prominent architect, a famous doctor, Archbishop;* upper class: head of medium firm, doctor with a private practice lawyer, University lecturer;* higher middle class: teacher municipal College, mid-level manager, secondary school teacher;* the average middle class: Bank employee, dentist, teacher primary school, shift supervisor at the company, an employee of the insurance company, a supermarket manager, a qualified Carpenter;* lower middle class: auto mechanic, hairdresser, bartender, skilled worker, an employee of the hotel, an employee of mail, a police officer, voditel′gruzovika;* average underclass: srednekvalificirovannyj worker, taxi driver;* the lower lower class: dish washer, domestics, gardener, Porter, a janitor, garbage man, broken, entirely dependent on public assistance programs.Finally, social classes and social disintegration are processes that began a long time ago since the beginning of the formation of civilization they have progressed and today we have a clear structure of social castes of both ascent and descent along the social ladder

Результаты (английский) 2:

Social classes and social classes - a division of society into groups with respect to the ownership of the means of production and social division of labor.
Social classes originated in ancient Rome. The word "class" of people separated by 6 types of complex tax-platelschikov.Pozzhe in the 16th century classes or social class is meant the presence of property. The concept of "social class" began to develop the scientists of England and France in the XVII-XIX centuries. They considered such antagonistic social groups, the rich, the poor, workers, capitalists, non-owner-proprietors. French historians F. Guizot, and A. Thierry showed antagonism of class interests and their inevitable collision. The British and French political economists Adam Smith and David Rikardoraskryli internal structure of classes.
Social classes Karl Marx
ccording to Marxism, slave, feudal and capitalist society are divided into several classes, including two antagonistic classes (the exploiters and the exploited): first it was the slave-owners and slaves ; after - the feudal lords and serfs; Finally, in today's society, it is the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. The third class - is, as a rule, artisans, small traders, farmers, ie those who have their own means of production, working solely for themselves, but it does not use other labor, except for his.
The most important according to Marx in the definition social class played presence sobstvennosti.Vse caste division was reduced to the presence of the property or to his absence.
The main dispute marksiskoy theory is the presence of spore-forming middle class .Many argue that in addition to a small number of senior managers approximate the bourgeoisie middle class no.
Alternative theories stratification of social classes.
The founder of this theory was Weber economist .He shared society in the following castes: the
upper class (upper class), the middle layer (the middle class) and the lower layer (lower class). Higher layer - is an elite minority of the population. The middle layer is the core layer, which stabilizes the whole society. The lower layer is occupied by people who have fallen on the social "bottom"
to the US version of social stratification:
* High School class: the head of a national corporation, co-owner of a large firm, the highest military rank, a federal judge, a major architect, famous doctor, Archbishop;
* high class: head of the average firm, a doctor in private practice, lawyer, university professor;
* upper middle class: the teacher community college, middle manager, a middle school teacher;
* the average middle class: a bank employee, a dentist, an elementary school teacher, a shift supervisor at the company, an employee of the insurance company, a supermarket manager, a skilled carpenter;
* lower middle class: auto mechanic, a hairdresser, a bartender, a skilled worker, hotel employee, the employee-mail, police, voditelgruzovika;
* middle lower class: srednekvalifitsirovanny worker, taxi driver;
* lower-lower class: dishwasher, domestic helpers, gardener, porter, janitor, garbage man, broken, totally dependent on public assistance programs.
Conclusion social classes and social stratification is a process that started a long time since the beginning of the formation progressed tsivilizatsii.Oni have evolved and today we have a clear structure social castes which takes place as the ascent and descent on the social ladder

Результаты (английский) 3:

social class or social class is the division of society into groups in relation to the ownership of the means of production and the social division of labor.social class originated in ancient rome. the word "class" hold to 6 complex types of tax - плательщиков.позже in 16 century classes or social order implied the existence of property. the concept of "social class" started to develop scholars of england and france in the 17th and 19th centuries. they considered such opposing social groups, like the rich, the poor, workers and capitalists, the owners - несобственники. french historians s. gizo and. thierry showed the opposite class interests and the inevitability of their impact. english and french политэкономы as well. smith and dr.. рикардораскрыли internal structure of classes.social classes of karl marxогласно marxism, рабовладельческое, feudal and capitalist society are divided into several classes, including two антогонистических class of exploiters and exploited): first it was the slave master and slaves; после  - feudal lords and the peasants; finally, in the modern society, the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. the third класс  is typically small traders, artisans, farmers, that is, those who have their own means of production to operate solely on yourself, but that does not use another work force, with the exception of its.the most important in the view of marx in the definition of social class has played a собственности.все encourage caste divisions led to the existence of the property or its absence.the main dispute is спороносных марксиской theory of middle class.многие argue that in addition to the small number of senior managers приближённого to the middle class.alternative theories of stratification of social classes.the founder of this theory was the economist, weber he shared the caste society.top layer (upper class), middle layer (middle class) and the lower layer (lower class). the слой  is элитарное minority population. the middle layer is the main layer, which stabilizes the whole society. the lower layer is the people опустившиеся social "bottom"the u.s. version of social stratification.* the supreme class, head of the national corporation, a large firm, high military rank, a federal judge, an architect, a famous doctor, archbishop.* first class: the average firm, a doctor in private practice, lawyer, university professor;* upper middle class, the teacher community college, middle manager, teacher of secondary school;* the average middle class: a bank employee, a dentist, a primary school teacher, boss, we are