The Cardiac OutputCardiac output re

The Cardiac OutputCardiac output refers to the volume of blood which the left ventricle forces into the aorta per minute of time. It must be noted that this term refers to the output of the left ventricle only, and that the total output is twice as much. The reason that the output of the left ventricle is given this special name is that it supplies the entire body (except the lungs) with the blood. Another reason is that it does a much greater amount of work than does the right, and consequently is more likely to fail.Cardiac output is the product of two factors: heart rate (the number of beats per minute) and stroke volume (the volume expelled per beat).1. The heart rate is normally controlled by a balance between impulses reaching it over the vagus and over the sympathetics. Thus, inhibition of the vagus centre speeds up the heart. And inhibition of the sympathetic centre slows down the heart. It seems that in the human most of the effect is achieved by inhibition of the vagal centre of the sympathetic region.2. The second factor affecting cardiac output is the stroke volume, that is, the amount of blood which the left ventricle ejects per beat. The stroke volume depends upon the «venous return». The normal heart is capable of a considerable degree of enlargement; after the venous return is increased - as it is in exercise - the chambers of the heart are able to supply the additional blood. The walls of right atrium and the great veins are thin and stretch readily; therefore the heart rate is increased.The increased venous return in exercise is brought about in the following manner: 1) after muscles contract, they exert a «milking» effect on the blood vessels which they contain. With each contraction, blood is squeezed out1 into the veins; it cannot be squeezed back into the arteries because the arterial pressure is high - and with each relaxation the blood vessels of the muscle again fill up with blood; 2) in exercise, breathing becomes deeper. The heart lies within the thorax; when the thorax expands, blood is «sucked2 into» the heart.The two factors, working together, lead to the increase of the blood amount returned. First the right side of the heart, and within a few beats the left, are dilated and take bigger «bites» of blood. Thus the stroke volume is increased.

Результаты (английский) 1:

Cardiac the Output of The

Cardiac output the Refers to the volume of blood the which the left ventricle Forces Into the aorta The per minute of time. It must be noted that this term refers to the output of the left ventricle only, and that the total output is twice as much. The reason that the output of the left ventricle is given this special name is that it supplies the entire body (except the lungs) with the blood. Another reason is that it does a much greater amount of work than does the right, and consequently is more likely to fail.

Cardiac output is the product of two factors : heart rate (the number of beats per minute) and stroke volume (the volume expelled per beat).

1. The heart rate is normally controlled by a balance between impulses reaching it over the vagus and over the sympathetics. Thus, inhibition of the vagus centre speeds up the heart. And inhibition of the sympathetic centre slows down the heart. It seems that in the human most of the effect is achieved by inhibition of the vagal centre of the sympathetic region.

2. The second factor affecting cardiac output is the stroke volume, that is, the amount of blood which the left ventricle ejects per beat. The stroke volume depends upon the «venous return». The normal heart is capable of a considerable degree of enlargement; after the venous return is increased - as it is in exercise - the chambers of the heart are able to supply the additional blood. The walls of right atrium and the great veins are thin and stretch readily; therefore the heart rate is increased.

The increased venous return in exercise is brought about in the following manner: 1) after muscles contract, they exert a «milking» effect on the blood vessels which they contain. With each contraction, blood is squeezed out1 into the veins; it can not be squeezed back into the arteries because the arterial pressure is high - and with each relaxation the blood vessels of the muscle again fill up with blood; 2) in exercise, breathing becomes deeper. The heart lies within the thorax; when the thorax expands, blood is « sucked2 into» the heart.

The two factors, working together, lead to the increase of the blood amount returned. First the right side of the heart, and within a few beats the left, are dilated and take bigger «bites» of blood. Thus the stroke volume is increased.

Результаты (английский) 2:

The Cardiac Output

Cardiac output refers to the volume of blood which the left ventricle forces into the aorta per minute of time. It must be noted that this term refers to the output of the left ventricle only, and that the total output is twice as much. The reason that the output of the left ventricle is given this special name is that it supplies the whole body (except the lungs) with the blood. Another reason is that it does a much greater amount of work than does the right, and consequently is more likely to fail.

Cardiac output is the product of two factors: heart rate (the number of beats per minute) and stroke volume (the volume per expelled beat).

1. The heart rate is normally controlled by a balance between impulses reaching it over the vagus and over the sympathetics. Thus, the inhibition of the vagus centre speeds up the heart. And inhibition of the sympathetic center slows down the heart. It seems that in the human most of the effect is achieved by inhibition of the vagal center of the sympathetic region.

2. The second factor affecting cardiac output is the stroke volume, that is, the amount of blood which the left ventricle ejects per beat. The stroke volume depends on the "venous return." The normal heart is capable of a considerable degree of enlargement; After the venous return is increased - as it is in exercise - the chambers of the heart are able to supply the additional blood. The walls of right atrium and the great veins are thin and stretch readily; Therefore the heart rate is increased.

The increased venous return in exercise is brought about in the following manner: 1) after the muscles contract, they exert a "milking" effect on the blood vessels that they contain. With each contraction, blood is squeezed out1 into the veins; It cannot be squeezed back into the arteries because the arterial pressure is high - and with each relaxation the blood vessels of the muscle again fill up with blood; 2) in exercise, breathing becomes deeper. The heart lies within the thorax; When the thorax expands, blood is "sucked2 into" the heart.

The two factors, working together, lead to the increase of the blood amount returned. First the right side of the heart, and within a few beats of the left, are dilated and take bigger "bites" of blood. Thus the stroke volume is increased.

Результаты (английский) 3:

The Cardiac Output
Cardiac output refers to the volume of blood which the left ventricle forces into the aorta per minute of time. It must not that term refer to the output of the left vehicle only, and that the total output is two as much The reason that the output of the left ventricle is given this special name is that it supplies the entire body）（except the lungs）with the blood. Another reason is that it's a much bigger job than the right one, and the consequences are more like failure.
Cardiac output is the product of two factors:heart rate）（the number of beats per minute）and stroke volume）（the volume expelled per beat）.
1. The heart rate is normally controlled by a balance between impulses reaching it over the vagus and over the sympathetics. So, invade the heart of the vague center. And infuse the spiritual center down the heart. It seems to be most effective in humans through the injection of plasma centers.
2. The second factor affecting cardiac output is the stroke volume，that is，the amount of blood which the left ventricle projects per beat. Structure volume depends upon the "accidental return". The normal heart is capable of a considerable degree of enlargement；after the venous return is increased-as it is in exercise-the chambers of the heart are able to supply the additional blood. The walls of right atrium and the great veins are thin and stretch really；therefore the heart rate is increased.
The increased venous return in exercise is brought about in the following manner:1）after muscles contract，they exert a“`milking'effect on the blood vessels which they contain. With each contract, blood is squeezed out1 into the veins; it can not be squeezed back into the arts because the artistic pressure is high-and with each relation the blood vessels of the muscle again fill up with blood; 2) in exercise, breathing comes deep The heart lies within the thorax；when the thorax expands，blood is“”sucked2 into the heart.
Two factors, working together, lead to increased blood circulation. The first heart right, and in a few beats the left, is the directory and bloody "bits.". So the strict volume is increased.