1. Восточные славяне в древности. В

1. Восточные славяне в древности. Возникновение Русской государственности. Формирование древнерусской народности и его исторические значения.

Образование древнерусского государства было не однократным событием, а процессом длительным. Развитие Славянского общества растянулось на много веков. Восточные славяне в 7-8 веках уже составляли значительную часть населения Восточной Европы. По историческим источникам можно проследить, что в это время у славян идет интенсивный процесс разложения родо-племенного строя. Так, из летописи мы знаем о крупных восточнославянских племенных группах - полянах, живущих на Днепре возле Киева, их соседях - древлянах, словенах (будущие новгородцы), дреговичах, кривичах, главным городом которых был Смоленск, половчанах - Полоцк и др. В данном случае идет речь не о племенах, а о более крупных племенных союзах, образование которых предшествует образованию государства. У каждого из этих союзов было свое «княжение». Это еще не княжества в более позднем, феодальном смысле слова, и князьями первоначально именовались племенные вожди. Начало государства Руси связывается с основанием города Киева в земле полян. Еще в древности Киев считали «матерью городов русских». Объединение восточнославянских земель в древнерусское государство было подготовлено внутренними социально- экономическими процессами. Но произошло это в 882г., год объединения Киева и Новгорода, в результате похода Князя Олега на Киев при активном участии варяжской дружины. Варяги сыграли важную роль, дело не в каких-то организационно-государственных качествах скандинавов, но появление варяжских дружин, по-видимому, заметно ускорило процесс образования государства. Они явились важным элементом и на первом этапе составляли опору великого князя. Древнерусское государство не являлось чисто варяжским детищем. Однако элементы активного участия варягов в жизни славян способствовали усилению этого процесса. Вопрос происхождения древнерусского государства связан с формированием древнерусской народности. Ряд историков, придерживаясь норманнской теории, считают, что «русь» - это варяги, норманны и другие жители Скандинавии. Вокруг теории о норманнском происхождении Руси и призвании варягов долгое время шла усиленная дискуссия, порой переходящая в идеологическую борьбу. С другой стороны, историки считают, что к тому моменту, когда на севере славянских земель появились варяги, в Среднем Поднепровье уже сложилась Киевская Русь. Они признают, что Рюрик существовал, но считают, что не все реально было, что поведано летописцем.

Результаты (английский) 1:

1. Eastern Slavs in antiquity. The emergence of Russian statehood. Formation of ancient peoples and its historical value.Education of the old Russian State was not a one-time event but a process. Development of the Slavic society lasted for many centuries. East Slavs in 7-8 centuries already accounted for a significant portion of the population of Eastern Europe. According to historical sources can be traced, at that time the Slavs had an intensive process of decomposition of the patrimonial-tribalism. So, from the Chronicle, we know about the major tribal groups-glades, living in the Dnieper River near Kyiv, their neighbours-drevlânah, slovenah (future Novgorod), dregovičah, krivičah, whose main town was polovčanah-Polotsk, Smolensk, etc. In this case is not about tribes, and about the larger tribal unions, education which precedes the formation of the State. Each of these alliances was his "reign". It's still not a Principality in the later, feudal sense of the word, and the Princes initially called tribal leaders. The beginning of State Russia is associated with the founding of the city of Kiev in mid-flow. Even in ancient times Kiev considered "the mother of Russian cities". Unification of East Slavic lands in the old Russian State was prepared by internal socio-economic processes. But it happened in the 882g., the year Kiev and Novgorod, merge as a result of the campaign of Prince Oleg of Kiev, with the active involvement of varangian druzhina. Varangians played a major role, it is not a matter of any organizational and governmental capacities, but the appearance of the Scandinavians varangian druzhina appears to be markedly accelerated the formation of the State. They have been an important element in the first stage were support of the Grand Duke. Old Russian State was not purely by varangian brainchild. However, the elements of active participation in the life of the Slavs Varangians contributed to this process. The question of the origin of the ancient Russian State is associated with the formation of ancient peoples. A number of historians, following Norman theory believe that the RUS is the Varangians, Normans and other inhabitants of Scandinavia. Around the theory of Norman origin of RUS ' and varangian vocation for a long time was enhanced discussion, sometimes passing in the ideological struggle. On the other hand, historians believe that by the time the North Slavic lands emerged in the Middle Dnieper, Varangians already formed the Kievan Rus. They recognize that Rurik existed, but believe that not all really was that povedano chronicler.

Результаты (английский) 2:

1. Eastern Slavs in ancient times. The emergence of Russian statehood. Formation of Old Russian nationality and its historical significance.

Old Russian state formation was not a single event but a lengthy process. The development of the Slavic community spread over many centuries. Eastern Slavs in 7-8 centuries have formed a significant part of the population of Eastern Europe. According to historical sources can be traced, at that time the Slavs is an intensive process of decomposition tribal system. So, from the chronicles we know about the major East Slavic tribal groups - glades, living in the Dnieper River near Kyiv, their neighbors - drevlyans, Slovenia (the future of Novgorod), Dregovichi, Krivich, the main town which was Smolensk, polovchanah -. Polotsk, etc. In this case, question is not about the tribes, and of the larger tribal alliances, the formation of which is preceded by the formation of the state. Each of these unions has been their "reign". This is not the Duchy in the later, the feudal sense of the word, and the princes were called originally tribal leaders. Getting the state associated with Russia Kiev city base in the Earth's field. Even in ancient times Kiev was considered the "mother of Russian cities." The union of East Slavic lands in the ancient Russian state was prepared by internal socio-economic processes. But it happened in 882g., Year association Kiev and Novgorod, as a result of the campaign of Prince Oleg to Kiev with the active participation of the Varangian guards. Vikings have played an important role, it is not some organizational and state quality Scandinavians, but the appearance of Varangian warriors, apparently markedly accelerated the process of formation of the state. They were an important element in the first stage of the Grand Duke were supported. Old Russian state was not purely Varangian brainchild. However, the elements of the active participation of the Vikings in the life of the Slavs contributed to strengthen this process. The question of origin of the ancient Russian state is associated with the formation of Old Russian nationality. A number of historians, adhering to the Norman theory, it is believed that the "Rus" - is the Vikings, the Normans and other inhabitants of Scandinavia. Around the theory of Norman origin of Russ and calling the Vikings for a long time there was a discussion intensified, sometimes turning into an ideological struggle. On the other hand, historians believe that by the time the north of the Slavic lands were the Vikings, in the Middle Dnieper has already formed Kievan Rus. They recognize that there Rurik, but they believe that not everyone really was that told by the chronicler.