27. Гражданская война в России. Осн

27. Гражданская война в России. Основные этапы, причины и последствия. Положение в стране после Гражданской войны.
Гражданская война, развернувшаяся на территории бывшей Российской империи практически сразу после Октябрьской революции, представляла собой ожесточенную вооруженную борьбу за власть между представителями различных социальных слоев и групп расколотого российского общества. Особенностью Гражданской войны в России являлось прежде всего широкомасштабное участие иностранных держав, оказывавших как прямое, так и косвенное влияние на ход вооруженной борьбы противоборствующих сил страны. Вооруженная поддержка странами Антанты российского белого движения имела существенное значение для развязывания и затягивания кровавых событий этого трагического периода в истории нашего Отечества. Бьющиеся стороны отчетливо понимали, что борьба может иметь только смертельный исход для одной из них. Большевики полагали, что Гражданская война - это более острая форма классовой борьбы, была навязана рабочим и крестьянам бывшими эксплуататорами, которые пытались реставрировать монархию. Противники большевиков утверждали, что большевики первыми применили насилие, и оппозиция была вынуждена принять участие в Гражданской войне. С общечеловеческой точки зрения Гражданская война - историческая драма, трагедия народа. Она принесла страдание, жертвы, разрушение экономики и культуры. Виновниками были и «красные», и «белые». История оправдывает только тех, кто шел на компромиссы, не желая пролития крови. Такую компромиссную позицию занимала так называемая «третья сила» - партии меньшевиков, эсеров, анархистов. Гражданская война в силу огромных пространств вылилась в разные формы: военные операции фронтов регулярных армий, вооруженные столкновения отдельных отрядов, мятежи и восстания в тылу противника, партизанское движение, бандитизм, террор и т.д.
«Белое» движение: Неоднородно по своему составу: русские офицеры, старая бюрократия, монархические партии и группы, либеральные партии- кадеты, октябристы, ряд левых политических течений, колебавшихся между «белыми» и «красными», рабочие и крестьяне, недовольные продразверсткой, установлением диктатуры и подавлением демократии. Программа белого движения: восстановление единой и неделимой России, созыв народного собрания на основе всеобщего избирательного права, гражданские свободы, земельная реформа, прогрессивное земельное законодательство. Однако на практике решение многих вопросов вызвало недовольство подавляющей части населения: аграрный вопрос - решали в пользу помещика, отменив Декрет о земле. Крестьянство, колебалось между двух зол - продразверстки, проводимой большевиками, и фактической реставрацией помещичьего землевладения; национальный вопрос - лозунг единой неделимой России ассоциировался у национальной буржуазии с бюрократическим гнетом монархического центра. Он явно уступал большевистской идее права наций на самоопределение вплоть до отделения; рабочий вопрос запретили профсоюзы и социалистические партии.

Результаты (английский) 1:

27. the civil war in Russia. The main stages, causes and consequences. The situation in the country after the civil war.The civil war that unfolded on the territory of the former Russian Empire almost immediately after the October revolution, was a fierce armed struggle for power between representatives of different social strata and groups of the shattered Russian society. Feature of the Russian civil war was primarily a large-scale involvement of foreign powers that have both a direct and an indirect impact on the armed struggle of the warring forces. Armed with the support of the Entente countries of the Russian white movement had been significant for unleashing the bloody events and prolonged this tragic period in the history of our fatherland. Fragile side clearly understand that the fight can only be fatal for one of them. The Bolsheviks believed that the civil war is a more severe form of class struggle, workers and peasants was imposed by the former exploiters, which tried to restore the monarchy. Opponents of the Bolsheviks argued that the Bolsheviks first used violence, and the opposition has been forced to take part in the civil war. From the human point of view civil war-historical drama, the tragedy of the people. She brought the suffering of victims, the destruction of the economy and culture. The perpetrators were and "red" and "white". History justifies only those who went on trade-offs, not wanting the shedding of blood. Such a compromise position was occupied by the so-called "third force" party Mensheviks, esers, anarchists. The civil war by virtue of the enormous spaces resulted in different forms: military operations of the fronts regular armies fighting separate detachments, riots and rebellions in the rear of the enemy, the guerrilla movement, banditry, terrorism, etc. "White" movement: non-uniform composition: Russian officers, the old bureaucracy, the monarchist parties and groups, Liberal Party-cadets, OCTO-, several left-wing political currents, kolebavšihsâ between "white" and "red" workers and peasants, disgruntled prodrozkladkoyu, establishing a dictatorship and the Suppression of democracy. Program white movement: the restoration of a unified and indivisible Russia, the convening of the National Assembly on the basis of universal suffrage, civil liberties, land reform, progressive land legislation. In practice, however, the solution of many issues raised the ire of the majority of the population: the agrarian question is decided in favor of the landlord, lifting the Decree on land. The peasantry varied between two evils-prodrozkladky carried out by the Bolsheviks, and the actual restoration of landlordism; the national question-slogan single indivisible Russia associated national bourgeoisie with bureaucratic yoke monarchist Centre. He is clearly inferior to the Bolshevik idea of the right of Nations to self-determination up to the Office; work item banned trade unions and Socialist parties.

Результаты (английский) 2:

27. The civil war in Russia. The main stages, causes and consequences. The situation in the country after the Civil War.
The civil war that unfolded on the territory of the former Russian Empire, almost immediately after the October Revolution, was a fierce armed struggle for power between the representatives of various social strata and groups split Russian society. The peculiarity of the Russian Civil War was primarily a large-scale involvement of foreign powers, has both a direct and an indirect influence on the course of the armed struggle of opposing forces. Armed with the support of the Russian Entente White movement was essential for starting and tightening of the bloody events of this tragic period in the history of our Motherland. Breakable side clearly understood that the struggle can only have a fatal outcome for one of them. The Bolsheviks believed that civil war - it is more acute form of the class struggle was forced upon the workers and peasants of the former exploiters, who tried to restore the monarchy. The opponents of the Bolsheviks argued that the Bolsheviks were the first to use violence, and the opposition was forced to take part in the Civil War. With the universal point of view of the Civil War - a historical drama, the tragedy of the people. She brought the suffering of victims, the destruction of the economy and culture. The culprits were "red" and "white". History justifies only those who are compromised, not wanting to spill blood. Such a compromise position occupied so-called "third force" - the party of Mensheviks, SRs, anarchists. Civil War due to the huge spaces resulted in various forms: military operations fronts regular armies, armed clashes of individual units, riots and uprisings in the enemy rear, the guerrilla movement, banditry, terrorism, etc.
"White" movement: heterogeneous composition: Russian officers, the old bureaucracy, the monarchist parties and groups, the liberal party-Cadets, Octobrists, a number of left-wing political movements, wavered between "white" and "red", the workers and peasants, dissatisfied with the surplus, the establishment of the dictatorship and the suppression of democracy. The program of the White movement: the restoration of a united and indivisible Russia, the convening of the national assembly on the basis of universal suffrage, civil rights, land reform, progressive land legislation. However, in practice many issues angered the overwhelming majority of the population: the agrarian question - decided in favor of the landlord, repealing Decree on Land. The peasants, ranged between two evils - the surplus carried out by the Bolsheviks, and the actual restoration of landlordism; the national question - the slogan of a single indivisible Russia associated with the national bourgeoisie in the bureaucratic yoke of monarchical center. It is clearly inferior to the Bolshevik idea of the right of nations to self-determination up to secession; Working question banned trade unions and socialist parties.

Результаты (английский) 3:

27. the civil war in russia. the main stages of cause and effect. the situation in the country after the civil war.during the civil war, in the territory of the former russian empire, almost immediately after the october revolution, was a fierce armed struggle for power between different social strata and groups splintered the russian society. the civil war in russia was the first large-scale participation of foreign powers, providing both a direct and an indirect impact on the course of the armed struggle of opposing forces. the armed support of the white movement, the war was essential for initiating and prolong the bloody events of that tragic period in the history of our country. bidding parties clearly understand that the struggle can only be fatal for one of them. the bolsheviks believed that the civil war is a more severe form of class struggle, was started by workers and peasants the former exploiters, who attempted to restore the monarchy. opponents of the bolsheviks argued that the soviets first used violence, and the opposition had been forced to take part in the civil war. from the human point of view the civil war historical drama, tragedy of the people. she brought suffering casualties, the destruction of economy and culture. and красные» involved ", and" белые». the story for those who went to the compromises and spilling one drop of blood. a compromise position was the so-called "third party" - меньшевиков, эсеров, anarchists. the civil war because of the enormous space resulted in different forms: military fronts separate units of regular armies, armed conflicts, riots and revolts in behind enemy lines, the guerrilla movement, banditry, terror and so on."the white movement, has a composition: russian officers, the old bureaucracy, монархические party and party, liberal party, cadets, октябристы, a number of left-wing political movements, колебавшихся белыми» between" and "красными», workers and peasants, with the продразверсткой, establishing the dictatorship and repression of democracy. the white movement: restoring a single and indivisible russia, the convening of the national convention, on the basis of universal suffrage, civil liberties, land reform, progressive land legislation. however, in practice, many questions caused resentment of the majority of the population: the agrarian question is solved in favour of squire, reversing the decree on land. peasantry, varied between two evils продразверстки by the bolsheviks, and the actual restoration of помещичьего land tenure;