ПРЕСТУПНИКАМИ РОЖДАЮТСЯ ИЛИ СТАНОВЯ

ПРЕСТУПНИКАМИ РОЖДАЮТСЯ ИЛИ СТАНОВЯТСЯ?
Преступность: врождённая или приобретённая?
Более ста лет назад итальянский врач Чезаре Ломброзо создал галерею «преступ¬ных типов», чем обессмертил свое имя. Он, например, утверждал, что покатый лоб, квадратный подбородок, грубые чер¬ты лица, длинные руки и мускулистое те¬лосложение говорят о врожденных пре-ступных наклонностях.
Понадобилось много лет для того, что¬бы эта теория прирожденного преступ¬ника потеряла свое влияние. Тем не ме¬нее, и в наши дни продолжаются споры о наследовании преступных качеств и о биологических предпосылках преступ¬ного поведения.
Послевоенный экономический рост поро¬дил у западных лидеров заблуждение, что с любыми общественными проблемами можно справиться, проводя соответст¬вующую социальную политику и уве¬личивая бюджетные отчисления. Тог¬да казалось, что, давая человеку больше благ, можно смягчить и даже изменить его природу. Времена изменились, и стало ясно, что ни либеральные реформы, ни коммунистический диктат не приве¬ли к обществу процветания.
В 1979 году Центр изучения близнецов и усыновленных детей в США начал наблюдение за близнецами. Все они были разлучены вскоре после рождения и вос¬питывались в разных концах Англии и Америки. Ученые исходили из предполо¬жения, что, если близнецы однояйцевые, все различия, возникшие впоследст¬вии, следует отнести за счет разной сре¬ды обитания. Однако, исследования показали, что различия между детьми, воспитанными раздельно, и близнеца¬ми, которые росли в одной семье, прак¬тически отсутствуют.
Другое исследование, проведенное в Да¬нии, показало, что дети преступников, даже если их воспитывать в домах доб¬ропорядочных граждан, в большей сте¬пени склонны к конфликтам с законом, чем их собственные отпрыски. Более то¬го, есть все основания считать, что, если один из разлученных однояйцевых близ¬нецов имеет судимость за уголовное преступление, второй рано или поздно тоже свернет на скользкую дорожку.
Некоторые исследователи идут еще даль¬ше и считают, что первопричина мно¬гих видов правонарушения, в первую очередь таких тяжких, как убийства, разбойные нападения, изнасилования и поджоги – не социальная, а биоло¬гическая.
Самый серьезный удар по «теории о сре¬де» нанесла сравнительно молодая нау¬ка –социобиология. Исследования, про¬водимые на животных, показали, что у аг¬рессивных обезьян уровень одного из гормонов – серотонина – ниже, чем у пассивных. Это, вполне возможно, отно¬сится и к человеку: у людей, совершив¬ших преднамеренные насильственные преступления, тоже наблюдается недо¬статок этого гормона.
Так кто же виноват: среда или генетика?

Результаты (английский) 1:

CRIMINALS ARE BORN OR MADE?Crime: congenital or acquired?More than a hundred years ago an Italian doctor Cesare Lombroso created a gallery "¬ tion types of crime than immortalized his name. He, for example, claimed that the sloping forehead, square Chin, coarse black ¬ you face, long arms and muscular ones ¬ losloženie talk about congenital criminal inclinations.It took many years for this theory would be so innate crime ¬ NIKA lost its influence. However, IU ¬ it and nowadays are continuing disputes about inheritance of criminal attitudes and assumptions about biological crime ¬ risk-taking.Post-war economic growth among Western ¬ pore Dil leaders misleading that any community can handle problems by conducting relevant ¬ appropriate social policies and Uwe ¬ ličivaâ budget. Tog ¬ Yes it seemed that, giving man more benefits can be mitigated and even change its nature. Times have changed, and it became clear that neither liberal reforms, nor the Communist dictatorship had not led to ¬ society prosperity.In 1979 the center study of twins and adopted children in the United States began monitoring the twins. All of them were separated shortly after birth and re ¬ pityvalis′ in different parts of England and America. Scientists assumed g ¬, that, if identical twins, all differences arising Consequently ¬, should be attributed to the different habitats of reactor ¬ Wed. However, studies have shown that the distinction between children raised separately, and twins ¬ MI, who grew up in the same family, practice virtually no ¬.Another study conducted in Yes ¬ Research Institute, showed that children of criminals, even if their foster homes ext ¬ roporâdočnyh citizens, are more prone to penalties ¬ tion conflicts with the law, than their own offspring. More the ¬ go, there is every reason to believe that, if one of the separated identical near ¬ necov has a conviction for a criminal offence, the second too, sooner or later will turn on the slippery slope.Some researchers even go Dal ¬ Shae and believe that the root cause of the MND and other types of offence, ¬ first of all serious, like murder, robbery, rape and arson is not social and biological ¬ line.The most serious blow to the "theory of Avera ¬ de" caused a relatively young NAU ¬ Ka-sociobiology. Research about ¬ produced in animals have shown that monkeys ressivnyh ¬ AG one level of hormones-serotonin is lower than that of the passive. This is, quite possibly, respect and true ¬ man: people committing violent crimes of deliberate Shikh ¬ too observed under ¬ Tage of this hormone.So who's to blame: environment or genetics?

Результаты (английский) 2:

CRIMINALS Born or Formed?
Crime: congenital or acquired?
Over a hundred years ago, the Italian physician Cesare Lombroso created a gallery of "prestup¬nyh types" than immortalized his name. For example, he argued that the sloping forehead, a square jaw, rough cher¬ty face, long arms and muscular te¬loslozhenie say pre-birth-reach slope.
It took many years for this theory chto¬by innate prestup¬nika lost its influence. But me¬nee, and today is an ongoing debate about inheritance and criminal characteristics of the biological assumptions prestup¬nogo behavior.
The post-war economic growth poro¬dil Western leaders have the misconception that any social problems can be overcome by conducting sootvetst¬vuyuschuyu social policy uve¬lichivaya and budget allocations. Tog¬da thought that giving a person more benefits can be mitigated and even change its nature. Times have changed, and it became clear that neither liberal reforms nor the communist diktat not prive¬li a society of prosperity.
In 1979, the Center for the Study of twins and adopted children in the United States began to monitor the twins. They were separated soon after birth and vos¬pityvalis in different parts of England and America. The researchers proceeded from predpolo¬zheniya that if the twins are identical, any differences arising vposledst¬vii should be attributed to the different sre¬dy habitat. However, studies have shown that the differences between the children who were brought up separately, and bliznetsa¬mi who grew up in the same family, prak¬ticheski missing.
Another study conducted in Da¬nii showed that the children of criminals, even if they are brought up in homes dob¬roporyadochnyh citizens ste¬peni more prone to conflict with the law than their own offspring. More to¬go, there is every reason to believe that, if one of the separated identical bliz¬netsov has been convicted of a criminal offense, a second sooner or later, too, will turn on a slippery slope.
Some researchers go even dal¬she and believe that the root cause of mno¬ GIH kinds of offenses, especially those serious as murder, robbery, rape and arson - not a social and biolo¬gicheskaya.
The most serious blow to the "theory of sre¬de" caused relatively young nau¬ka -sotsiobiologiya. Studies pro¬vodimye on animals have shown that monkeys ag¬ressivnyh level of one of the hormones - serotonin - is lower than the passive. It is quite possible otno¬sitsya to man: the people, sovershiv¬shih intentional violent crime, there is also nedo¬statok this hormone.
So who is to blame: the environment or genetics?

Результаты (английский) 3:

criminals are or become?
crime: congenital or purchased? "the more than 100 years ago the italian doctor cesare ломброзо created gallery" преступ¬ных типов» than i've immortalized his name. he, for example,argued that sloping forehead, square chin, gross чер¬ты faces, long arms and muscle те¬лосложение talk about congenital pre ступных do.
took many years to ensureчто¬бы this theory the organic преступ¬ника lost its influence. however ме¬нее, and nowadays, the debate on the inheritance of traits and biological conditions преступ¬ного behaviour. "the post-war economic growth поро¬дил western leaders error that any social problems can be handled by соответст¬вующую social policies and уве¬личивая budgetary allocations.тог¬да thought, giving a man more benefits can be mitigated, and even change its nature. times have changed, and it became clear that neither the liberal reform, communist dictatorship not приве¬ли community prosperity.in 1979, the center for the study of twins and adopted children in the united states began monitoring the twins. they were all separated shortly after birth and вос¬питывались in various parts of england and america.scientists have been предполо¬жения that if the twins are identical, all differences arising впоследст¬вии, should be attributed to the different сре¬ды habitats. however, studies have shown that differences between childrenprovided separately, and близнеца¬ми who grew up in a family, there is no прак¬тически. another study showed that children да¬нии, criminalseven if they build houses доб¬ропорядочных citizens more сте¬пени tend to conflict with the law as their own children. more то¬го, there is every reason to believe thatif one of the separated однояйцевых близ¬нецов has a conviction for a criminal offence, the second early or late, will this road. some researchers are still даль¬ше and thinkwhat the underlying cause of мно¬гих types of offences, particularly serious as murder, armed robbery, rape and the burning is not social, but биоло¬гическая.
the most serious blow to the "theory of сре¬де» has a relatively young нау¬ка –социобиология. study про¬водимые on animals have shown that аг¬рессивных monkeys of a hormone, serotonin is belowwhat is passive. it may well отно¬сится and man, people совершив¬ших deliberate violent crimes, also have a недо¬статок this hormone. so who's fault: environment and genetics.