Структурно-функциональная характери

Структурно-функциональная характеристика транспорта (транспорт общего и необщего пользования). - Структурная схема транспортной системы

Структурная схема транспортной системы.

Транспортная система транспорт общего пользования транспорт необщего пользования

Железнодорожный Транспорт отраслей материального производства

Морской (промышленности, строительства, сельского хозяйства)

Автомобильный

Внутренний водный

Воздушный Транспорт организаций сферы

Трубопроводный обслуживания и управления

Транспорт населённых пунктов(общественный и индивидуальный)

Кроме деления на транспорт общего и необщего пользования, в некоторых случаях подразделяют транспорт на магистральный - синоним транспорта общего пользования, а немагистральный - необщего (например промышленный транспорт - это транспорт немагистральный). С другой стороны, термин «магистральный транспорт» применяется для обозначения путей сообщения, связывающих крупные города и промышленные центры страны или крупного региона. В этом случае небольшие ответвления от основных магистралей, несмотря на то что они входят в состав сети общего пользования, не считаются звеньями магистрального транспорта и обычно именуются линиями местного значения.

В зависимости от целей экономического анализа транспорт общего пользования группируется следующим образом:

универсальный (железнодорожный, водный, автомобильный, воздушный) и специальный.;

внутренний (осуществляющий перевозки внутри страны) и внешний (обычно морской, выполняющий перевозки не только внутри страны, но и за границу);

круглогодичный (железнодорожный, автомобильный и т.д.) и сезонный (внутренний водный).

Любой вид транспорта располагает своей собственной системой показателей, которая сложилась исторически и отражает его уникальность и неповторимость, учитывает технико-экономические и другие особенности. Однако многие показатели являются общими для всех видов транспорта. Условно их можно разделить на следующие группы:

показатели перевозочной и погрузочно-разгрузочной работы (грузо- и пассажирооборот, объём перевозок грузов и пассажиров, приведённый грузооборот, объём отправления, объём прибытия);
показатели материально-технической базы (протяжённость сети путей сообщения, её густота, суммарная грузоподъёмность или тоннаж транспортных единиц, суммарная энергетическая мощность активных транспортных единиц, пропускная и провозная способность элементов транспортной сети);
показатели эксплуатационной работы (средняя грузонапряжённость, средняя дальность перевозок, скорость доставки грузов, использование грузоподъёмности подвижного состава и время его оборота, среднесуточный пробег);
показатели экономической эффективности и финансовые (себестоимость, производительность труда, фондоотдача, фондоёмкость, доходы, расходы, прибыль, рентабельность).

Важной характеристикой транспортных сетей является их территориальная организация, т.е. схема взаимного размещения отдельных элементов сети на различных иерархических уровнях.

Территориальную организацию, являющуюся продуктом длительной эволюции транспорта под влиянием экономических и - не в последнюю очередь - естественно-географических факторов, можно считать одним из показателей потенциальных возможностей путей сообщения.

Видовые особенности транспорта проявляются в существовании линейных и точечных структур. Первые характерны для железнодорожного, автомобильного, трубопроводного и речного транспорта, вторые - для морского и воздушного транспорта.

Структура транспортной сети России составляют наземные, водные и воздушные пути (линии) сообщения, протяжённость которых составляет, тыс. км:

Железные дороги МПС.........................................................................87,6

Железнодорожные подъездные пути предприятий...........................95,0

Внутренние водные (речные) судоходные пути...............................101,0

Автомобильные дороги с твёрдым покрытием.................................750,0

В том числе общего пользования........................................................463,0

Магистральные нефтепроводы.............................................................65.0

Магистральные газопроводы...............................................................145,0

Воздушные линии.................................................................................800,0

В том числе международные...............................................................200,0

Транспортно-дорожный комплекс России представляет собой одну из крупнейших отраслей народного хозяйства страны. Он включает в себя более 1,5 млн. км наземных путей сообщения с огромным количеством разнообразного подвижного состава, зданий и сооружений. Почти 6 млн. чел. обслуживает эту отрасль. Ориентировочная стоимость основных производственных фондов транспортно-дорожного комплекса Российской Федерации на конец 1994г. составила более 400 трлн. р .

Результаты (английский) 1:

Structural and functional characterization of transport (transportation of General and non-generic use). -Block diagram of the transport systemStructural scheme of the transport system.The transport system of public transport-transport useRail transport in branches of material productionMarine (industry, construction, agriculture)CarInland waterwayAir transport organizationsPipeline maintenance and managementTransport locations (public and individual)In addition to the Transport Division of the general-use and, in some cases, subdivide the trunk transport-a synonym for public transport, and nemagistral'nyj-non-generic (e.g. industrial transport is transport nemagistral'nyj). On the other hand, the term "bulk gas and oil transportation" is used to denote communication routes linking the major cities and industrial centers of the country or region. In this case, small branches from the main roads, despite the fact that they are part of the public network are not considered parts of the main transport and are usually referred to as lines of local significance.Depending on the purpose of the economic analysis of public transport is grouped as follows:Universal (rail, water, road, air) and special;internal (carrying out transport within the country) and external (usually marine, performs the carriage not only inside the country but also abroad);year-round (rail, road, etc.) and seasonal (inland waterway).Any mode of transport has its own scorecard, which developed historically and reflects its uniqueness and originality, take into account the feasibility and other features. However, many of the indicators are common to all modes of transport. They can be conditionally divided into the following groups: indicators of transport and handling of work (cargo and passenger, goods and passenger transport volume, the volume of cargo turnover of departure, arrival volume); indicators of material-technical base (length of network communications, its density, total capacity or tonnage vehicles, the total generating capacity of active transport units carrying capacity and throughput transport network elements); indicators of operational work (average gruzonaprjazhjonnost', average distance of transport, speed the delivery of the goods, using the carrying capacity of rolling stock and the time of its turnover, average daily mileage); economic efficiency and financial indicators (cost, productivity, asset profitability, fondojomkost', revenues, costs, profits, profitability).An important feature of the transport networks is their territorial organization, i.e. the mutual scheme deployment of individual network elements at different hierarchical levels.Territorial organization, which is the product of a long evolution of transport influenced by economic and-not least-natural and geographical factors, can be considered an indicator of the potential ways of communication.Specific features of the transport manifest in the existence of linear and point structures. The first characteristic of railway, road, pipeline and river transport, the latter for sea and air transport.The structure of the transport network of Russia consists of the land, water and air routes (lines), the length of which is, thous. km:Железные дороги МПС......................................................................... 87.6Railway sidings enterprises ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 95.0Inland waterways (River) shipping way ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... 101.0Paved roads ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 750.0Including general use ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 463.0Trunk oil pipelines ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... 65.0Main gas pipelines ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 145.0Воздушные линии................................................................................. 800.0Including international ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 200.0Transport-road complex of Russia is one of the largest industries in the country. It includes more than 1.5 million. km terrestrial communication ways with lots of varied rolling stock and buildings. Almost 6 million. Pax. serving this industry. The estimated cost of the basic production assets of transport and road complex of the Russian Federation at the end of 1994. more than 400 trillion. r.

Результаты (английский) 2:

Structural and functional characterization of transport (transport Public and non-public). - Structure of the transport system diagram

Block diagram of the transport system.

The transport system transport public transport non-public

railway transport industry material production

Maritime (industry, construction, agriculture)

Road

Inland waterways

Air Transport sector organizations

Pipeline maintenance and management

Transport settlements (public and individual )

in addition to the division of general and non-public transport, in some cases, vehicles are divided on the trunk - a synonym for public transport and nontrunk - uncommon (eg industrial trucks - is transport nontrunk). On the other hand, the term "Mining" is used to refer to means of communication, linking the major cities and industrial centers of the country or a large region. In this case, a small branch from the main roads, despite the fact that they are part of the public network are not considered to be functioning trunkline and are usually referred to as lines of local importance.

Depending on the purpose of public transport is grouped economic analysis as follows:

universal (rail, water, road, air), and a special .;

internal (carrying out transportation within the country) and external (usually marine, transports not only within the country but also abroad)

round (rail, road, etc.) and seasonal ( inland waterways).

Any mode of transport has its own scorecard, which has developed historically and reflects its uniqueness and originality, takes into account the technical, economic and other features. However, many of the indicators are common to all modes of transport. They can be divided into the following groups:

indicators of carriage, loading and unloading work (freight and passenger traffic, the volume of freight and passenger transportation, cast turnover of departure the volume, the volume arrival);
indicators of material and technical base (length of the network of means of communication, its density , the total tonnage or tonnage of transport units, the total generating capacity of active transport units, capacity and carrying capacity of the transport network elements);
operational performance indicators (average gruzonapryazhёnnost average distance of transportation, speed of delivery, the use of carrying capacity of the rolling stock and the time of its turnover, average daily mileage )
. indicators of economic efficiency and financial (cost, labor productivity, capital productivity, fondoёmkost, income, expenses, profit, profitability)

An important characteristic of transport networks is their territorial organization, ie scheme of mutual accommodation of individual elements of the network at different hierarchical levels.

The territorial organization is the product of a long evolution of transport under the influence of economic and - not least -. natural and geographical factors can be considered an indicator of the potential of Railways

Specific features of transport manifested in the existence of linear and point structures. The first characteristic of rail, road, pipeline and river transport, the second - for sea and air transport.

The structure of the Russian transport network make up ground, water and air routes (lines) of the message, the length of which is, thousands of kilometers:.

Railways Ministry of Railways ... .................................................. .................... 87.6

Railway sidings enterprises ....................... .... 95.0

Inland water (river) waterways ............................... 101.0

Highways paved ................................. 750.0

including public ...... .................................................. 463.0

Main Oil pipelines ............................................. ................ 65.0

Trunk pipelines ............................... ................................ 145.0

Overhead lines ............. .................................................. .................. 800.0

including international ......................... ...................................... 200.0

Transportation and road complex of Russia is one of the the largest branches of the national economy. It includes more than 1.5 million. Km of land Railways with a huge variety of vehicles, buildings and structures. Nearly 6 million. Pers. serving the industry. The estimated cost of basic production assets of Russian transport complex at the end of 1994. It amounted to more than 400 bln. R .

Результаты (английский) 3:

structural and functional characterization of transport (transport and general необщего use). - block diagram of the transport systemblock diagram of the transport system.transport system transport public transport необщего userail transport of goods producing industriesthe marine (industry, construction, agriculture)roadinland waterwayair transport organizations scopepipeline maintenance and managementtransport of built-up areas (collective and individual)in addition to the transport division general and необщего use, in some cases, transport in the backbone are synonymous with public transport, as well немагистральный - необщего (e.g. industrial transport is the transport немагистральный). on the other hand, the term "critical transportation is used to designate routes connecting major cities and industrial centres of the country or a region. in this case, a small branch from the main arteries, despite the fact that they are part of the network of public transport are not considered parts of trunk lines and usually referred to as local values.depending on the goals of economic analysis in common use grouped as follows:universal (rail, water, road, air, and special.internal (the domestic transportation) and external (usually sea in transport, not only within the country but also abroad).year-round (rail, road, etc.) and seasonal (inland waterways).any mode of transport has its own system of indicators which, historically, and reflects its uniqueness and originality, takes into account the techno economic and other characteristics. however, many of the indicators are common to all modes of transport. conditional can be divided into the following groups:the transport and loading and unloading of cargo and the volume transport of goods and passengers, the volume of freight turnover, volume of arrival);indicators of logistics (length of network communications, the density, or the total tonnage transport units, the total energy output of active transport units, the ability of the elements and провозная transport network).operating performance (average грузонапряжённость, medium range transport, fast delivery of goods, the use of rolling stock and the circulation of merchandise, daily mileage);indicators of economic efficiency and financial (себестоимост