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2. The socio-political system of Kievan Rus IX - the beginning of XII century. The historic significance of the adoption of Christianity to ancient.
Kievan Rus is the result of an extremely long process of the division of society into classes, held at the Slavs during the first millennium BC For ages 9-10, there was the main ethnic territory Old Russian nationality, formed the ancient Russian literary language. Old Russian nation united all Eastern Slavic tribes and became the cradle of a single three Slavic nations later time: Russian, Ukrainians and Belarusians. The emerging feudal state system of ancient Rus fit for their purposes prior to it controls. The emerging class of feudal lords needed in the creation of a strong state apparatus, which was supposed to help him secure a communal peasant lands and solve the important domestic tasks, as well as the problem of protecting against external enemies. Kievan Rus was early feudal monarchy. At the head of the state stood the Grand Duke. He was carrying a Council (Duma) of the most noble princes and senior retainers (boyars), acted as governor, as well as the control unit, which is in charge of collecting taxes and tributes, court cases, fines. In this unit officers performed duties younger combatants - swordsmen (bailiffs), virniki (fines collectors), etc. The subservient to the Grand Duke lands and urban management functions performed princely governors - posadniki and their aides - tysyatskiye who led during the war people's militia. For the exercise of power over the population, expanding the state borders and protect it from external enemies of the Grand Duke had a significant military force. They consisted primarily of squads of the Grand Duke, as well as troops from vassal princes, who also had their own squads. Princes certain land and other large, medium and small feudal lords were vassals of the Grand Duke. At the same time, these vassals themselves carried the full management of their estates and in the grand deputies had no right to interfere in their internal affairs. In the early feudal society of Kievan Rus' There are two main classes - peasants (smerdy) and feudal lords. Both classes in their composition were not homogeneous. Stinks divided into freemen and affiliates. Free had their subsistence farming, paid tribute to the princes and boyars, and at the same time to the feudal lords were the source of replenishment of the dependent category. Dependent population consisted of zakups (debt) ryadovichey (contract), rogue states (impoverished natives of the community), puschennikov (freedmen slaves) and slaves (domestic servants). The class of feudal lords were representatives grand house with the Grand Duke in the lead, the princes of the tribes or land, nobles and senior retainers. A significant step forward in its development has made the young Russian state during the reign of Vladimir Svyatoslavovich (980-1015gg.). The position of Russia hardened considerably. Vladimir managed to create a powerful defensive system to protect Russia against new raids, but the most important thing - religious reform: the adoption of Christianity. At the end of the 10th century, in 988, Prince Vladimir was baptized he baptized his boyars and forced all others to be baptized. Transition to Christianity has an objective and a great progressive significance because it contributed to the early death of the remnants of the tribal system (marriage law, monogamy). Accelerate the process of liquidation of the remnants of the tribal system, Christianity helped to accelerate the development of the feudal mode of production in ancient Russia. Christianity forced to eat a lot of vegetables, therefore, to improve horticulture. Eliminate elements of slave labor. Christianity has played a major role in the ideological justification and thus to strengthen the power of the Kievan princes. Baptism has influenced the cultural life of Russia, on the development of art crafts (stone architecture, frescoes, icons appeared in Russia as well, thanks to Christianity), etc. Many churches were built (In Kiev, there were about 400 churches, and not one of them copy each). Russia has received two of the alphabet: the Glagolitic and Cyrillic, which contributed to the spread of literacy. They began to appear early manuscripts. Very noticeable replaced morals in Russia, as the church is strictly prohibited human sacrifice, murder slaves. Christianity also contributed to the strengthening of princely power. Prince is now perceived as a messenger of God. And, finally, the adoption of Christianity radically changed international position of Russia. She organically fit into the European culture and diplomatic relations with other countries.
In the history of Russia Russian church played a complex and multi-faceted role. However, its role was positive in that it objectively as an organization has helped strengthen the young Russian state in an era of rapidly
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