4. Монголо-татарское нашествие на Р

4. Монголо-татарское нашествие на Русь, его особенности и последствия. Борьба русских земель за независимость в XIII-XIV вв.
(1240-1280)
В 13 в. Народам Руси пришлось вынести тяжелую борьбу с иноземными захватчиками. С востока на Русь обрушились полчища монголо-татарских завоевателей. С запада русские земли подвергались агрессии немецких шведских и датских рыцарей-крестоносцев. Наиболее разрушительным для Руси было нашествие Монголо-татарских завоевателей. Ордынское иго надолго затормозило экономическое развитии Руси, разрушило ее сельское хозяйство, подорвало русскую культуру. Монголо-татарское нашествие привело к падению роли городов в политической и экономической жизни Руси. Вследствие разрушения городов, увода в плен квалифицированных ремесленников надолго исчезли сложные виды ремесла, приостановилось городское строительство, пришло в упадок изобразительное и прикладное искусство. Тяжелыми последствиями ига было углубление разобщения Руси и обособление отдельных ее частей. Ослабленная страна не смогла отстоять ряд западных и южных районов, захваченных позже литовскими и польскими феодалами. Монголо- татарское нашествие привело к резкому сокращению населения страны. Однако при всех тяжелых для Руси последствиях золотоордынское нашествие имело некоторые особенности, способствовавшие тому, что русский народ нашел в себе силы навсегда изгнать завоевателей из родных мест. Монголо-татары отказались от прямого включения русских земель в состав Золотой орды, также в конце 13в. Под давление народных анти ордынских выступлений сбор дани ордынцы вынуждены были передать русским князьям, что в дальнейшем уменьшило возможность Орды непосредственно вмешиваться во внутриполитическую жизнь Руси. Кроме того монголо- татары были толерантны к духовной жизни страны, считая русское духовенство своим союзником против католичества. Первая битва между монголо-татарами и русско-половецкими войсками произошла на реке Калке в 1223 году. Не все русские князья выставили свои войска, и битва закончилась поражением, многие князья и дружинники погибли половцы вошли в . состав государства монголо-татаров. В I 1236 г. Войска Батыя начали поход на Русские земли. Были разорены Рязань и Коломна. В 1238г. завоеватели подошли к Владимиру. Была разорена вся Владимиро-Суздальская земля от Ростова до Твери. В 1239г. Был захвачен Муром, в 1240 - Киев. Одной из главных причин поражения Руси явилась существовавшая тогда феодальная раздробленность. Русские княжества поодиночке были разгромлены врагом. После монголо-татарского нашествия Русь стала страной, зависимой от Золотой Орды. Сложилась система, при которой великий князь должен был получить в Орде утверждение, «ярлык», на великое княжение. При всей мощи армии и великолепии ханского двора Золотая Орда в политическом отношении не была самостоятельным государством, а составляла часть единой империи, управлявшейся из Каракорума. Повиновение состояло в обязательном отчислении части всех собранных налогов и дани. Для точного установления суммы присылались численники, которые переписывали население. Первая перепись на Руси произошла в 1257г. Против русских князей применялся настоящий террор, многие русские князья были убиты, в 1387г. Был убит Михаил Ярославович Тверской. На Руси то и дело появлялись карательные золотоордынские отряды. Когда беспощадное военное давление было заменено менее тяжелым, но более изощренным - экономическим, монголо-татарское иго на Руси вступило в новую стадию. Весной 1361 в Золотой Орде сложилось напряженное положение из-за междоусобиц. Одной из центральных фигур становится Мамай. Нужна была победа для объединения государства, Мамай потребовал у великого князя Московского средств и сил, но получил отказ. Русь стала готовиться к Борьбе с Мамаем. Растущая мощь северо-восточной Руси была продемонстрирована уже в 1378, когда на реке Воже великий московский князь разбил крупный монголо-татарский отряд. Весной 1380г. Мамай вторгся в восточноевропейские степи, он собирался полностью захватить и поработить русские княжества. Дмитрий Иванович занялся формирование русского войска. Многотысячная армия была разгромлена в 1380 на Куликовом поле. Русь торжествовала победу. Однако через два года золотоордынский хан Тохтамыш во главе огромной армии неожиданно напал на Русь, которая еще не в полной мере оправилась от последствий Куликовской битва. Москва была захвачена и разорена в 1382г. Но со времени куликовской битвы центростремительные силы в объединении русских княжеств вокруг Москвы все более крепли. Русь укрепилась в вере в свои национальные силы. Русские перестали смотреть на Орду как на непреодолимую силу, да и Орда перестала считать их безответными рабами. После куликовской битвы Русь необратимо начала усиливаться, зависимость от орды все более и более ослабевала.

Результаты (английский) 1:

4. The Mongol-Tatar invasion of Russia, its features and effects. The struggle for the independence of Russian lands in the 13th-14th centuries.(1240-1280)In 13 b. Peoples of RUS had to endure heavy combat foreign invaders. From the East to Russ hit the hordes of Mongol-Tatar invaders. West Russian lands were subjected to aggression German Swedish and Danish Knights-Crusaders. The most destructive for Russia was the invasion of Mongol-Tatar invaders. Ustyuzhanino yoke long slowed economic development of Russia has destroyed its agriculture, undermined the Russian culture. Mongol-Tatar invasion led to the downfall of the role of cities in political and economic life of the country. Due to the destruction of cities, the disposal of captured by skilled artisans for a long time disappeared complex types of crafts, urban construction halted, declined fine and applied arts. The severe consequences of the yoke was deepening fragmentation of the RUS and the separation of its individual parts. Relaxed country failed to defend a number of Western and southern areas seized by later Lithuanian and Polish feudal lords. Mongol-Tatar invasion led to a sharp decline in population. However, when all heavy for Russia the consequences of Golden Horde invasion had some features that have contributed to the fact that the Russian people found the strength to banish the invaders from their homeland. Mongol-Tatars refused to direct the inclusion of Russian lands of the Golden Horde, also at the end of the 13th century. Under the pressure of popular anti Horde performances collecting tribute Horde were forced to pass Russian princes, which further reduced the possibility of hordes of directly interfering in the internal political life of Russia. In addition the Mongol-Tatars were tolerant to the spiritual life of the country, considering the Russian clergy his ally against Catholicism. The first battle between the Mongols and Russian troops occurred polovtsi on the river Kalka in 1223 year. Not all Russian Princes put its forces, and the battle ended in the defeat of many Princes and warriors killed Cumans entered the. the State of the Mongol-Tatars. In I, 1236. Troops of Batu Khan began camping on the Russian lands. Kolomna and Ryazan were ravaged. In 1238g. the conquerors came to Vladimir. Decimated by the entire Vladimir-suzdal land from Rostov to Tver. In 1239g. Moore was captured, in 1240. One of the main reasons for the defeat of Russia was formed then feudal fragmentation. Ruthenian Principality alone were defeated the enemy. After the Mongol invasion of RUS was a country dependent on the Golden Horde. Has developed a system in which the Grand Duke had to get approval in the Horde, "label", a great reign. With all the might of the army and the magnificence of the courtyard of the Khan's Golden Horde was not politically independent State, and was part of the unified empire administered from Karakorum. Obedience was the compulsory expulsion of all collected taxes and tribute. To determine the exact amount sent čislenniki, who rewrote the population. The first census in Russia occurred in 1257g. Against the Russian Princes used real terror, many Russian princes were killed in 1387g. Mikhail was killed Yaroslavovich Tver. In Russia and then appear punitive detachments of the Golden Horde. When ruthless military pressure was replaced by the less severe but more sophisticated and economic, the Mongol-Tatar yoke in Russia has entered a new stage. In the spring of 1361 in Golden Horde strain due to strife. One of the central figures becomes Mamay. Needed a victory to merge State, Mamai demanded from the Grand Duke of Moscow means and forces, but was refused. RUS was prepared to fight with the Prince. The growing power of the North-Eastern Russia has been demonstrated already in 1378, when the River Lake Vozhe Grand Prince of Moscow broke a major Mongol-Tatar squad. In the spring of 1380g. Mamai invaded the Eastern European steppes, he planned to fully capture and enslave the Russian princedoms. Dmitry Ivanovich went into the formation of the Russian army. Many thousands army was destroyed in 1380 at the Kulikovo field. RUS team victory. However, two years later the Golden Horde Khan Tokhtamysh led a huge army suddenly attacked Rus, which has not yet fully recovered from the effects of the battle of Kulikovo. Moscow was invaded and devastated 1382g. But since the battle of Kulikovo centripetal force in the unification of Russian principalities around Moscow increasingly stronger. Russ was strengthened in faith in their national forces. Russians no longer see the Horde as the irresistible force, and Horde stopped considering them speechless slave. After the battle of Kulikovo Rus irreversibly start to grow, dependence on the Horde increasingly faltered.

Результаты (английский) 2:

4. Mongol-Tatar invasion of Russia, its characteristics and consequences. The struggle for independence of the Russian lands in the XIII-XIV centuries.
(1240-1280)
in the 13th century. The peoples of Russia had endured a hard struggle against foreign invaders. From east to Russia have fallen hordes of Mongol-Tatar conquerors. From the west Russian lands were subjected to aggression, German Swedish and Danish crusaders. Most damaging to Russia was the invasion of the Mongol-Tatar conquerors. Horde yoke for a long time hindered the economic development of Russia, it has destroyed agriculture, undermined the Russian culture. Mongol-Tatar invasion led to the fall of the role of cities in economic and political life of Russia. Due to the destruction of cities, the disposal of captured skilled artisans long vanished species complex craft, urban construction has stopped, it went into decline fine and applied arts. Severe consequences yoke was deepening separation of Russia and the isolation of its individual parts. Weak country could not defend a number of western and southern regions captured later Lithuanian and Polish feudal lords. Mongol-Tatar invasion led to a drastic reduction of the population. However, for all the severe consequences of the Golden Horde invasion of Russia had some characteristics that have contributed to the fact that the Russian people have found the strength to permanently expel the invaders from their native places. Mongol-Tatars abandoned the direct inclusion of Russian lands of the Golden Horde, and the end 13c. Under the pressure of the popular anti Horde performances tribute collection Horde we had to pass the Russian princes, which further reduced the possibility of the Horde directly interfere in the internal political life of Russia. In addition Mongol-Tatars were tolerant to the spiritual life of the country, considering the Russian clergy ally against Catholicism. The first battle between the Mongol-Tatars and Russian-Polovtsian troops took place on the river Kalka in 1223. Not all Russian princes put their troops, and the battle ended in defeat, many princes and combatants were killed Cumans entered. part of the state of the Mongol-Tatars. In 1236 I Batu's troops began to march on the Russian land. They were ravaged Ryazan and Kolomna. In 1238. conquerors came to Vladimir. It was devastated the whole of the Vladimir-Suzdal land from Rostov to Tver. In 1239g. Moore was captured in 1240 - Kyiv. One of the main reasons for the defeat of Russia was then existed feudal fragmentation. Russian principalities were defeated enemy alone. After the Mongol invasion of Russia has become a country dependent on the Golden Horde. The existing system, in which the Grand Duke had to get approval in the Horde, "label" on the great reign. With all the power of the army and the splendor of the Khan's Golden Horde yard politically it was not an independent state, and was part of a single empire ruled from the Karakoram. Obedience consisted in part of mandatory contributions of all collected taxes and tribute. For an accurate determination of the amount were sent chislenniki who rewrote the population. The first census took place in Russia in 1257g. Against the Russian princes used real terror, many Russian princes were killed in 1387g. Michael Yaroslavovich Tver was killed. In Russia now and then appeared punitive detachments of the Golden Horde. When ruthless military pressure has been replaced by a less severe, but more subtle - the economic, the Mongol-Tatar yoke in Russia has entered a new stage. In the spring of 1361 in the Golden Horde had the tense situation due to internal strife. One of the central figures became Mamay. What was needed was a victory for the union state, Mamay demanded that the Grand Duke of Moscow money and effort, but was refused. Russia became ready to fight with Mom. The growing power of the north-eastern Russia have already been demonstrated in 1378 when the river Vozha Grand Prince of Moscow broke a major Mongol-Tatar detachment. 1380g spring. Mamai invaded the Eastern Steppe, he was going to fully capture and enslave the Russian principalities. Dmitry Ivanovich engaged in the formation of Russian troops. Thousands of army was defeated in 1380 on Kulikovo field. Russia triumphed. However, two years later the Golden Tokhtamysh Khan led a huge army suddenly attacked Russia, which has not yet fully recovered from the effects of the Kulikov battle. Moscow was captured and ruined in 1382g. But since the Battle of Kulikov centripetal force in uniting Russian principalities around Moscow increasingly growing stronger. Russia strengthened in the faith in their national forces. Russian stopped to look at the Horde as an irresistible force, and the Horde no longer regard them as meek slaves. After the Battle of Kulikov Russia irreversibly start to grow, dependence on the hordes of more and more weakened.

Результаты (английский) 3:

4. mongol tatar invasion of russia, its features and effects. the struggle for the independence of the russian lands in the 13th - 14th centuries.(1240 - 1280)in 13. the peoples of russia had to endure a heavy combat иноземными invaders. from the east to russia pummeled the mongol tatar invaders. the russians were of swedish and danish land german knights crusaders. the most devastating to russia was a tatar mongol conquerors. ордынское slowed the economic development of russia igor long ruined her agriculture, undermined the russian culture. mongol tatar invasion led to the decline in the role of cities in the political and economic life of russia. due to the destruction of cities, the disposal of captured skilled artisans long gone complex types of crafts, stalled the urban construction, it is in the decline of visual and applied arts. the severe consequences of iga was deepening alienation and segregation of its individual parts. the weakened the country couldn"t defend a number of western and southern captured later in lithuanian and polish феодалами. mongol tatar invasion has led to a drastic reduction in the population of the country. however, all of the effects of heavy to золотоордынское invasion had some features that have contributed to the fact that the russian people have found ourselves forever to expel the invaders from their homes. mongol tatars abandoned the direct inclusion of russian lands of the golden horde, in the end in. under the pressure of anti ордынских speeches collection dani horde honored were forced to russian princes, which further reduced the possibility of directly interfere in the life of domestic policies. in addition a mongol tatars were tolerant to the spiritual life of the country, including the russian clergy ally against catholicism. the first battle between the mongol tatars from половецкими troops occurred on the kalka river in 1223. not all the princes sent their troops, and the battle ended in defeat, many princes and vigilantes died cuman people entered. the state of mongolian татаров. in 1236. the troops began to march to the batu russian land. kolomna and ryazan were devastated. in 1238г. the conquerors went to vladimir. the whole earth was devastated by vladimir суздальская from rostov to tver. in 1239г. moore was captured, in 1240 - kiev. one of the main reasons for the defeat of russia was the then feudal fragmentation. russian principality alone were defeated the enemy. after the mongol tatar invasion of russia is a country dependent on the golden horde. a system in which the prince was going to get in the horde of the ярлык», the reigning. with all the power of the army and великолепи