Декарту противопоставить две субста

Декарту противопоставить две субстанции: мыслящую и протяженную (дух и материю). Декарт вошел в историю философии и психологии как создатель дуалистической концепции, противопоставившей телесное и духовное. Позже сформировалось понятие о сознании, под которым подразумевалось, согласно Декарту, «все то, что происходит в нас так, что мы сами непосредственно это в себе воспринимаем». Заметим, что самого термина «сознание» Декарт не использовал, предпочитая говорить про дух. Декарт заложил основы понимания сознания как замкнутого в себе внутреннего мира. Он же предложил идею метода психологии: внутренний мир может изучаться с помощью интуиции (самонаблюдения). Так появляется метод, получивший впоследствии наименование интроспекция (от латинского «смотрю внутрь, всматриваюсь»).
Достоинством этого метода (как полагали сторонники интроспекции) является то, что он позволяет получить достоверное, очевидное знание. Во всяком случае, это следовало из декартовской философии.
Предмет психологии неоднократно менялся. После Декарта психология была психологией сознания. Возникшая во второй половине XIX века научная психология также была психологией сознания. Вундт рассматривал психологию как науку о непосредственном опыте. Многие психологи XIX века исходили из того, что самонаблюдение, интроспекция является основным методом психологии.
Несостоятельность интроспективной психологии сознания побудила одних психологов (представителей глубинной психологии, психоанализа) обратиться к исследованию бессознательного, других заняться изучением поведения, а не сознания (бихевиористов, представителей объективной психологии).
Возникновение этих школ и направлений в психологии привело к открытому кризису в психологии. Вся психология распалась на несколько школ, между которыми не было точек соприкосновения и которые исследовали разные предметы и использовали различные методы.
Сходные проблемы стояли перед отечественными психологами. В 1920—1930-х годах закладываются методологические основы советской психологии, формулируются методологические принципы. Особенно велика заслуга в деле становления отечественной психологической науки таких ученых, как М.Я.Басов, Л.С.Выготский, А.Н.Леонтьев, С.Л.Рубинштейн и др., в работах которых оформились положения продуктивно развивавшиеся в течение последующих десятилетий. В монографии М.Г.Ярошевского «Наука о поведении: Русский путь» прослежена история формирования отечественной психологической школы изучения поведения, во многом повлиявшей на психологические концепции советских психологов.
Ограниченность как субъективной, интроспективной, так и объективной, поведенческой психологии советские психологи сумели преодолеть с помощью категории «деятельность». В работах С.Л.Рубинштейна был сформулирован принцип «единства сознания и деятельности», давший методологическую основу для опосредствованного исследования психики. Большое значение имели также методологические принципы развития психики в деятельности, детерминизма и др.

Результаты (английский) 1:

Dekartu countered with two substances: think and long (spirit and matter). Descartes went down in history of philosophy and psychology as the creator of the dualistic concepts, protivopostavivšej corporal and spiritual. Later, the notion of consciousness, which meant, according to Dekartu, "everything that happens to us so that we directly perceive it to myself. Note that the term "consciousness" Descartes not used, preferring to talk about the spirit. Descartes laid the foundations of understanding of consciousness as an enclosed in himself inner peace. He also proposed the idea of the method of Psychology: inner world can be studied using intuition (introspection). So appears the method subsequently received the name of introspection (from Latin "look inside peer").Advantage of this method (as believed supporters of introspection) is that it allows you to get reliable, obvious knowledge. Anyway, this should of's philosophy.The subject of psychology has changed several times. After Descartes psychology was the psychology of consciousness. Emerged in the second half of the 19th century scientific psychology has also been the psychology of consciousness. Wundt considered psychology as the science of direct experience. Many 19th-century psychologists believed that introspection, introspection is the main method of psychology. The insolvency of introspective psychology of consciousness has led some psychologists (representatives of depth psychology, psychoanalysis) refer to the exploration of the unconscious, the other to examine behaviour, not consciousness (behavioural scientists, representatives of objective psychology).The occurrence of these schools and directions in psychology led to an open crisis in psychology. All psychology split into several schools, among which there were no points of contact and who have explored different items and used different methods.Similar problems faced by domestic psychologists. In 1920-1930-ies laid the methodological bases of Soviet psychology, methodological principles are formulated. Especially great merit in the establishment of domestic psychological science scholars such as M. Bass, l.s. Vygotsky, A.n. Leontjev, S.l. Rubinstein and others, whose works have transformed the situation efficiently developed over the following decades. In the monograph "Âroševskogo M.g. Science of behavior: the Russian way" traced the history of domestic psychological school studying behavior, greatly affecting the psychological concept of Soviet psychologists.Limited as subjective, introspective, and objective, behavioral psychology Soviet psychologists were able to overcome by using the category "activity". In the works of S.l. Rubinstein was formulated the principle of "unity of consciousness and activity", which gave the methodological framework for the research oposredstvovannogo psyche. Of great importance also had methodological principles for the development of the psyche in the activities, determinism, etc.

Результаты (английский) 2:

Descartes to contrast two substances: the thinking and extended (spirit and matter). Descartes entered the history of philosophy and psychology as the creator of the dualistic conception oppose corporal and spiritual. Later he formed the concept of consciousness, by which is meant, according to Descartes, "everything that takes place in us so that we ourselves directly perceive it to myself." Note that the term "consciousness" Descartes did not use, preferring to talk about the spirit. Descartes laid the foundation for the understanding of consciousness as a self-contained internal world. He also proposed the idea of the method of psychology: the inner world can be studied with the help of intuition (introspection). So there is a method, which later received the name of introspection (from the Latin "look inside peering").
This method advantage (as supporters believed introspection) is that it provides a reliable, explicit knowledge. In any case, it followed from the Cartesian philosophy.
The subject of psychology has changed several times. After Descartes' psychology was the psychology of consciousness. Emerged in the second half of the XIX century scientific psychology was also the psychology of consciousness. Wundt considered psychology as a science of direct experience. Many psychologists XIX century proceeded from the fact that self-observation, introspection is the main method of psychology.
The failure of introspective psychology of consciousness has led some psychologists (representatives of depth psychology, psychoanalysis) to apply to the study of the unconscious, the other to study behavior, not consciousness (behavioral, representatives of objective psychology ).
The emergence of these schools of thought in psychology led to an open crisis in psychology. The whole psychology split into several schools, between which there were no points of contact and who explored different subjects and using different methods.
Similar problems faced by domestic psychologists. In 1920-1930-ies laid methodological basis of Soviet psychology, formulated methodological principles. Especially great merit in the establishment of domestic psychological science scholars such as M.Ya.Basov, Vygotsky, Leontiev, S. Rubinstein et al., Which took shape in the works productively situation develops during the next decades. The book M.G.Yaroshevskogo "Behavioral science: Russian path" traced the history of the formation of the national school of psychological study of the behavior, largely influenced the psychological concepts of Soviet psychologists.
The limitations as a subjective, introspective and objective, behavioral psychology Soviet psychologists were able to overcome using the "activity" category. The work of SL Rubinstein formulated the principle of "unity of consciousness and activity", which gave the methodological basis for the study of mediated mind. Of great importance were also methodological principles of mental development activities, determinism, and others.

Результаты (английский) 3:

декарту contrasted two substances: thinking, and long (spirit and matter). descartes history philosophy and psychology as the creator of dualistic concepts, противопоставившей corporal and spiritual. later, the concept of consciousness, which was, according to декарту, "everything that happens to us so that we ourselves directly in a воспринимаем». note that the term "soul" descartes used, preferring to talk about the spirit. descartes laid the foundation for the understanding of consciousness in a closed inner world. he proposed the idea of psychology: inner peace can be studied with the help of intuition (observation). so a method which was subsequently named introspection (from the latin "look inside, всматриваюсь»).advantage of this method (as the introspection illusion) is that it allows for accurate, clear knowledge. in any case, it should be from the декартовской philosophy.the psychology has changed a number of times. after descartes, psychology was the psychology of consciousness. in the second half of the 19th century the scientific psychology was also a psychology of consciousness. wundt consider psychology as the science of immediate experience. the 19th century, many psychologists believe that self-monitoring, introspection is the main method of psychology.интроспективной psychology consciousness has prompted some psychologists (representatives of the deep psychology, psychoanalysis) to the study of the unconscious, the other to study the behavior and consciousness (бихевиористов of objective psychology).the emergence of these schools and directions in psychology led to open the crisis in psychology. the psychology has several schools, among which were the points of intersection and investigated the different objects, and using various methods.similar problems faced by domestic psychologists. in 1920 - 1930 established the methodological basis of soviet psychology, makes methodological principles. especially great merit in building domestic psychological science such scientists as м.я.басов, л.с.выготский, а.н.леонтьев, с.л.рубинштейн et al. in our work, which settled the situation of productive развивавшиеся during subsequent decades. in the monograph м.г.ярошевского "behavioral science: russian" its history of patriotic psychological school of study conduct, largely повлиявшей on the psychological concept of soviet psychologists.the limitations of both subjective and objective, интроспективной, behavioral psychology, soviet psychologists were overcome by the category "a".