Text 3. SOME FIRST COMPUTER MODELS

Text 3. SOME FIRST COMPUTER MODELS
1. Babbage's Analytical Engine
In 1832, an English inventor and mathematician Charles Babbage was commissioned by the British government to develop a system for calculating the rise and fall of the tides.
Babbage designed a device and called it an analytical engine. It was the first programmable computer, complete with punched cards for data input. Babbage gave the engine the ability to perform different types of mathematical operations. The machine was not confined to simple addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division. It had its own "memory", due to which the machine could use different combinations and sequences of operations to suit the purposes of the operator.
The machine of his dream was never realized in his life. Yet Babbage's idea didn't die with him. Other scientists made attempts to build mechanical, general-purpose, stored-program computers throughout the next century. In 1941 a relay com¬puter was built in Germany by Conrad Zuse. It was a major step toward the realization of Babbage's dream.
2. The Mark I Computer (1937-1944)
In 1944 in the United States, International Business Ma¬chines (IBM) built a machine in cooperation with scientists working at Harvard University under the direction of Prof. Aiken. The machine, called Mark I Automatic Sequence-Con¬trolled Calculator, was built to perform calculations for the Manhattan Project, which led to the development of atomic bomb. It was the largest electromechanical calculator ever built. It used over 3000 electrically actuated switches to control its operations. Although its operations were not controlled electronically, Aiken's machine is often classified as a computer because its instructions, which were entered by means of a punched paper tape, could be altered. The computer could create ballistic tables used by naval artillery.
The relay computer had its problems. Since relays are elec¬tromechanical devices, the switching contacts operate by means of electromagnets and springs. They are slow, very noisy and consume a lot of power.
3. The ABC (1939-1942)
The work on introducing electronics into the design of computers was going on.
The gadget that was the basis for the first computer revolution was the vacuum tube, an electronic device invented early in the twentieth century. The vacuum tube was ideal for use in computers. It had no mechanical moving parts. It switched flows of electrons off and on at rates far faster than possible with any mechanical device. It was relatively reliable, and operated hundreds of hours before failure. The first vacuum tube computer was built at Iowa University at about the same time as the Mark I. The computer, capable to perform thousands of related computations, was called ABC, the Atanasoff-Berry Computer, after Dr. John Atanasoff, a professor of physics and his assis¬tant, Clifford Berry. It used 45 vacuum tubes for internal logic and capacitors for storage. From the ABC a number of vacuumtube digital computers developed.
Soon the British developed a computer with vacuum tubes and used it to decode German messages.

Результаты (английский) 1:

Text 3. SOME FIRST COMPUTER MODELS 1. Babbage's Analytical EngineIn 1832, an English inventor and mathematician Charles Babbage was commissioned by the British government to develop a system for calculating the rise and fall of the tides.Babbage designed a device and the so-called it an analytical engine. It was the first programmable computer, complete with punched cards for data input. Babbage gave the engine the ability to perform different types of mathematical operations. The machine was not confined to simple addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division. It had its own "memory", due to which the machine could use different combinations and sequences of operations to suit the purposes of the operator.The machine of his dream was never realized in his life. Yet Babbage's idea didn't die with him. Other scientists made attempts setting to build mechanical, general-purpose stored-program computers throughout the next century. In 1941 a relay com ¬ puter was built in Germany by Conrad Zuse. It was a major step toward the realization of the dream Babbage's.2. The Mark I Computer (1937-1944)In 1944 in the United States, International Business Ma chines ¬ (IBM) built a machine in co-operation with scientists working at Harvard University under the direction of Prof. Aiken. The machine, called the Mark I Automatic Sequence-Con trolled ¬ Calculator, was built to perform calculations for the Manhattan Project, which led to the development of the atomic bomb. It was the largest electromechanical calculator ever built. It used over 3000 electrically actuated switches to control its operations. Although its operations were not controlled electronically, Aiken's machine is often classified as a computer because its instructions, which were entered by means of a punched paper tape, could be altered. The computer could create ballistic tables used by naval artillery.The relay computer had its problems. Since relays are elec ¬ tromechanical devices, the switching contacts operate by means of electromagnets and springs. They are slow, very noisy and consume a lot of power.3. The ABC (1939-1942)The work on introducing electronics into the design of computers was going on.The gadget that was the basis for the first computer revolution was the vacuum tube, an electronic device invented early in the twentieth century. The vacuum tube was ideal for use in computers. It had no mechanical moving parts. It switched flows of electrons off and on at rates far faster than possible with any mechanical device. It was relatively reliable, and operated hundreds of hours before failure. The first vacuum tube computer was built at Iowa University at about the same time as the Mark I. The computer, capable to perform thousands of related computations, was called ABC, the Atanasoff-Berry Computer, after Dr. John Atanasoff, a professor of physics and his assis¬tant, Clifford Berry. It used 45 vacuum tubes for internal logic and capacitors for storage. From the ABC a number of vacuumtube digital computers developed.Soon the British developed a computer with vacuum tubes and used it to decode German messages.

Результаты (английский) 2:

Text 3. SOME FIRST COMPUTER MODELS
1. Analytical Engine's Babbage
In 1832, an English mathematician and inventor Charles Babbage was commissioned by the British government to develop a system for calculating the rise and fall of the tides.
Babbage designed a device and called it an analytical engine. It was the first programmable computer, complete with punched cards for data input. Babbage gave the engine the ability to perform different types of mathematical operations. The machine was not confined to simple addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division. Had its own It "memory", due to which the machine could use different combinations and sequences of operations to suit the purposes of the operator.
The machine of his dream was never realized in his life. Yet Babbage's idea did not die with him. Other scientists made ​​attempts to build mechanical, general-purpose, stored-program computers throughout the next century. In 1941 a relay com¬puter was built in Germany by Conrad Zuse. It was a major step toward the realization of Babbage's dream.
2. Mark I Computer The (1937-1944)
In 1944 in the United States, International Business Ma¬chines (IBM) built a machine in cooperation with scientists working at Harvard University under the direction of Prof. Aiken. The machine, called Mark I Automatic Sequence-Con¬trolled Calculator, was built to perform calculations for the Manhattan Project, which led to the development of atomic bomb. It was the largest electromechanical calculator ever built. It used over 3000 electrically actuated switches to control its operations. Although its operations were not controlled electronically, Aiken's machine is often classified as a computer because its instructions, which were entered by means of a punched paper tape, could be altered. Computer could create The ballistic tables used by naval artillery.
The relay computer had its problems. Since relays are elec¬tromechanical devices, the switching contacts operate by means of electromagnets and springs. They are slow, very noisy and consume a lot of power.
3. ABC The (1939-1942)
The work on introducing electronics into the design of computers was going on.
The gadget that was the basis for the first computer revolution was the vacuum tube, an electronic device invented in the early twentieth century. The vacuum tube was ideal for use in computers. It had no mechanical moving parts. It switched flows of electrons off and on at rates far faster than possible with any mechanical device. It was relatively reliable, and operated hundreds of hours before failure. The first vacuum tube computer was built at Iowa University at about the same time as the Mark I. The computer, capable to perform thousands of related computations, was called ABC, the Atanasoff-Berry Computer, after Dr. John Atanasoff, a professor of physics and his assis¬tant, Clifford Berry. It used 45 vacuum tubes for internal logic and capacitors for storage. The ABC a From number of vacuumtube digital computers developed.
Soon the British developed a computer with vacuum tubes and used it to decode German messages.