Искажения картНа любых географическ

Искажения карт
На любых географических картах существуют искажения длин, углов, форм и площадей. Эти искажения разных видов, а их величина зависит от вида проекции, масштаба карты и охвата проектируемой территории. Обнаружить на карте искажения длин вдоль меридианов можно, сравнив отрезки меридианов между двумя соседними параллелями — если они находятся на одном уровне, то искажений длины нет. Об искажении расстояний на параллелях свидетельствует соотношение длин отрезков экватора и параллели 60°-й широты между соседними меридианами. Если искажения отсутствуют, то отрезок экватора ровно в два раза больше, чем отрезок 60°-й параллели.
О характерном для большинства карт искажении углов можно сделать вывод в том случае, когда параллели и меридианы не образуют между собой прямых углов.
Различить искажения формы можно сравнив длину и ширину какого-либо географического объекта на карте и глобусе — если соотношения форм пропорциональны, то искажения по данному критерию нет. Ещё проще различить искажения формы можно сравнив ячейки сетки на одной широте: если они одинаковы, то это свидетельствует об отсутствии искажений формы на данной географической карте.
В зависимости от назначения карт, для них подбирают такие проекции, на которых один из видов искажений может отсутствовать, или быть пренебрежимо малым. По характеру искажений картографические проекции делятся на:
равновеликие — нет искажений площадей;
равноугольные — нет искажений углов;
произвольные — существуют все виды искажений.

Результаты (английский) 1:

Distortion mapsOn any of the maps there are distortions of lengths, angles, shapes and space. These distortions of various kinds, and their value depends on the type of projection, map scale and scope of the projected area. Locate on map distortion of the lengths along the meridians can be, comparing the lines of the meridians, parallels between the two adjacent if they are on the same level, distortion of length No. On the distortion of distance on Parallels presents the ratio of lengths of segments of the Equator and latitude 60° th latitude between neighbouring meridians. If distortion is not available, the length of the Equator at exactly twice the length of 60° parallel.On the characteristic for most cards the distortion of angles can be concluded if the Parallels and meridians do not form a right angle.See the distortion of the form, you can compare the length and width of a geographical object on a map and globe-when proportion forms are proportional, the distortion on this criterion there is. It's even easier to discern misrepresentations of a form, you can compare the grid cell in the same latitude: if they are the same, it proves that there is no distortion on the map.Depending on the purpose of the cards, they picked such a projection, at which one type of distortion may be absent, or be negligible. By the nature of the distortions of cartographic projection divided into:equal-no distortion area;Conformal — no distortion of angles;arbitrary-there are all kinds of distortions.

Результаты (английский) 2:

Distortion maps
on any maps exist distortion lengths, angles, shapes and space. These different types of distortions, and their value depends on the type of projection map scale and scope of the projected area. Locate on the map distortion lengths along the meridians is to compare segments between two adjacent meridians parallels - if they are on the same level, no distortion length. On distortion of distances on parallels shows the ratio of the lengths of the equator and 60 ° parallel of latitude th between adjacent meridians. If there are no distortions, the length of the equator twice as more than a segment of 60 ° th parallel.
On the characteristic of most cards distortion angles can be concluded in the case where the parallels and meridians do not form between them angles.
To distinguish distortion can comparing the length and width of a geographical object on the map and globe - if forms are proportional to the ratio, the distortion of this criterion is not. Even easier to distinguish distortion can be compared to the grid cells on the same latitude as if they are the same, it indicates a lack of shape distortion on this map.
Depending on the destination card, they are selected such projections on which one type of distortion may be absent, or to be negligibly small. By the nature of distortions of map projections are divided into:
of equal - there is no distortion of space;
conformal - no distortion angles;
arbitrary - there are all kinds of distortions.

Результаты (английский) 3:

Distortion maps
on any geographical maps there are distortions lengths, angles, forms and space. These different types of distortion, and their value depends on the type of projection, map scale and scope of the design.Find on map distortion lengths along meridians drawn can be, by comparing segments parallels drawn between the two neighboring parallels - if they are at the same level, the length there is no distortion.The distortion distance on the latitudes indicates the ratio length segments and equator latitude 60 ° -and latitude between neighboring meridians. If there is no distortion, the leg equator exactly in two times more,Before a 60 ° -and parallels.
the character for the majority of maps distortion angles it can be concluded that, when parallel and VIFF do not form a between a direct angles.
Distinguish shape distortion can be by comparing the length and width of a geographical object on the map and globe - if the ratio of forms are proportional, the distortion on this criterion.Even easier to distinguish shape distortion can be by comparing grid cell on one breadth: if they are the same, there is no distortion of the geographical map.
Depending on the destination map, for they picked up such projection, in which one of the types of distortion may not be available, or be negligible. The nature of distortion cartographic projections are divided into the following:
Remaining Caspian states - no distortion space;
conformal projections - no distortion angles;
arbitrary - there are all kinds of distortion.