Внешняя политика[править | править

Внешняя политика[править | править вики-текст]
В 1978 году на саммите в Кэмп-Дэвиде под председательством Картера президент Египта Анвар Садат и премьер-министр Израиля Менахем Бегин договорились о мире, взаимном признании и передаче Египту Синайского полуострова; это завершило серию из четырёх египетско-израильских войн.

Советско-американские отношения в период президентства Картера были неоднозначными. С одной стороны, Картер продолжил переговоры об ограничении стратегических вооружений с СССР и в 1979 году подписал с Л. И. Брежневым договор ОСВ-2. В историю вошел знаменитый поцелуй двух лидеров на церемонии подписания этого соглашения, воспринимавшийся как акт советско-американского примирения. Однако в этом же году СССР вводит войска в Афганистан, и Картер подписывает указ о финансировании афганских антикоммунистических сил[2] и политика разрядки в отношениях с СССР сходит на нет. Появляется так называемая «новая ядерная стратегия» Картера, изложенная им в секретной президентской директиве № 59 от 25 июля 1980 года. Стратегия исходила из возможности не обязательно скоротечной ядерной войны с использованием всех ядерных арсеналов конфликтующими державами, а из продолжительной ядерной войны, когда ядерные удары сначала могут наноситься по военным объектам СССР, в то время как ракеты будут по-прежнему нацелены на его города. Это подавалось как внесение элементов гибкости в стратегию ядерного сдерживания, но фактически подтверждалась концепция ядерной войны с СССР, несмотря на декларацию, взаимно принятую во время его президентства[3].

Советско-американские отношения резко ухудшились, договор ОСВ-2 не был ратифицирован Конгрессом, США бойкотировали летние Олимпийские игры 1980 года в Москве. Картер принял в Белом доме советского диссидента Владимира Буковского.

В правление Картера произошла Исламская революция в Иране; аятолла Хомейни объявил США «Большим сатаной» (или «Великим Дьяволом»), в 1979 году были взяты в заложники сотрудники американского посольства в Тегеране. Переговоры оказались неудачными. 24 апреля 1980 года США попытались провести военную операцию по освобождению заложников, однако она окончилась полным провалом.

В конце 1970-х США не поддержали никарагуанского диктатора Сомосу, его свергли в ходе Сандинистской революции. Картер ввёл запрет на операции ЦРУ в Центральной Америке, что дало повод ведущим североамериканским СМИ заговорить о «полном крахе центральноамериканской политики США» и даже о «проигранной битве, которая приведёт к поражению в глобальном противостоянии между США и СССР». Этот вакуум заполнили аргентинцы Виделы, объявившие себя «единственным борцом с коммунизмом в Западном полушарии», СИДЕ и 601-й батальон взялись за обучение никарагуанских партизан-контрас[4][5].

23 января 1980 года Джимми Картер выступил с ежегодным посланием «О положении страны», в котором огласил новую внешнеполитическую доктрину. Регион Персидского залива был объявлен зоной интересов США, ради защиты которых Соединённые Штаты готовы пойти на применение вооруженной силы. В соответствии с «доктриной Картера», попытки любой державы установить свой контроль над регионом Персидского залива были заранее объявлены американским руководством посягательством на важные интересы США[6][7].

Внутренняя политика[править | править вики-текст]
Позиции Картера были преимущественно либерально-демократическими. Он утверждал, что можно сократить безработицу до 4,5 % и уменьшить инфляцию до ежегодного уровня в 4 %. Пообещал основательно пересмотреть федеральную налоговую систему, которую назвал «позором рода человеческого». Заявил, что попытается ввести единую федеральную систему социального обеспечения и снизить стоимость лечения в медицинских стационарах. Картер пообещал также полную реорганизацию федерального чиновничьего аппарата и создание «открытого правительства». С самого начала президент наносил визиты в небольшие провинциальные города, где проводил встречи с местной общественностью. Отвечал на вопросы сограждан в радиопрограмме «Спроси президента Картера». Объявил амнистию лицам, уклонившимся от призыва на войну во Вьетнаме, ввёл двух женщин в состав кабинета (больше, чем кто-либо до него), подыскал ответственные политические посты для представителей национальных меньшинств.

Президентство Картера пришлось на «взлёт цен на нефть». На этом фоне безработица и инфляция были высоки как никогда, к 1979 году США оказались на грани экономической катастрофы.

Поражение от Рейгана[править | править вики-текст]
На президентских выборах в ноябре 1980 года Картер, баллотировавшийся на второй срок, потерпел поражение от республиканца Рональда Рейгана. Через пять минут после того, как президентские полномочия Картера истекли, и Рейган принёс присягу 20 января 1981 года, иранцы освободили заложников.

В ходе своей президентской кампании Рейган охарактеризовал состояние американской экономики словом «депрессия» (англ. depression), что вызвало критику со стороны Картера, указавшего на некорректное употребление кандидатом-республиканцем этого термина. В ответ Рейган изложил следующее мнение: «Рецессия — это когда ваш сосед теряет работу, депрессия — когда работу теряете вы, а выздоровление экономики — когда работу теряет Джимми Картер»[Комм. 2][8].

Результаты (английский) 1:

Foreign policy [edit | edit wiki-text]In 1978 a year at the Camp David Summit chaired by Carter, Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin agreed to the world, mutual recognition and transfer to Egypt the Sinai Peninsula; This completed a series of four Egyptian-Israeli war.Soviet-American relations during the Carter Presidency were mixed. On the one hand, Carter continued the strategic arms limitation talks with the Soviet Union and in 1979 year signed with l. i. Brezhnev salt I Treaty 2. The story became famous Kiss between the two leaders at the signing ceremony of the agreement, indifferent as Soviet-American reconciliation. However, in this same year the USSR introduces troops into Afghanistan, and Carter signs Decree on the financing of the Afghan anti-Communist forces [2] and the policy of détente in relations with the USSR comes to naught. Appears the so-called "new nuclear strategy," Carter, described them in a secret Presidential Directive No. 59 dated July 25, 1980 year. The strategy has been guided by the possibility of not necessarily short of nuclear war using all nuclear arsenals the conflicting powers of prolonged nuclear war when nuclear first strikes can be applied on SOVIET military installations, while the rockets will still focus on its cities. It served as the introduction of elements of flexibility in the strategy of nuclear deterrence, but in fact reaffirmed the concept of nuclear war with the Soviet Union, despite the Declaration, are mutually adopted during his Presidency [3].Soviet-American relations deteriorated sharply, the start 2 Treaty was never ratified by Congress, the United States boycotted the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. Carter took the White House Soviet dissident Vladimir Bukovsky.During the reign of Carter Islamic revolution in Iran occurred; Ayatollah Khomeini declared the United States "Great Satan" (or "Great Satan"), in 1979 year employees were taken hostage at the American Embassy in Tehran. The negotiations were unsuccessful. April 24, 1980 year United States attempted to conduct a military operation to release the hostages, but it ended in complete failure.At the end of the 1970 's United States did not support the Nicaraguan dictator Somoza, it toppled during the Sandinista revolution. Carter introduced a ban on CIA operations in Central America, which led leading North American MEDIA talk about "full collapse of Central American United States policy" and even "lost a battle that would lead to defeat in the global confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union. This vacuum is filled Argentines Videla declared itself "the only fighter against communism in the Western Hemisphere", side and 601 battalion undertook training of Nicaraguan contra guerrillas [4] [5].January 23, 1980 year Jimmy Carter delivered his annual State of the Union message, which announced a new foreign policy doctrine. The Gulf region has been declared a zone of United States interests, for which the United States prepared to go to the use of armed force. In accordance with "the Carter doctrine, any attempts to establish control power over the region of the Persian Gulf were advertised by the American leadership, the assault on the important interests of the United States [6] [7].Internal politics [edit | edit wiki-text]Carter's position were mostly liberal-democratic. He claimed that it is possible to reduce unemployment to 4.5 percent and reduce annual inflation to 4 percent level. Promised a thorough review of the federal tax system, which he called "the shame of the human race". Stated that tries to enter a unified federal system of social security and reduce the cost of medical treatment in hospitals. Carter promised a full reorganization of Federal bureaucratic apparatus and the creation of "open government". From the outset, the President put visits to small provincial towns, where they met with local communities. Answer questions of fellow citizens in radio program "ask President Carter." Announced an amnesty for persons who had evaded conscription during the Vietnam war, introduced the two women in the Cabinet (more than anyone before him), found responsible political posts for representatives of national minorities.The Carter Presidency "accounted for the rise in oil prices. Against that backdrop, unemployment and inflation were high as never before, to the United States year 1979 proved to be on the brink of economic catastrophe.Defeated by Reagan [edit | edit wiki-text]In the presidential election in November 1980 year Carter, ballotirovavšijsâ for a second term, was defeated by Republican Ronald Reagan. Five minutes after the Carter Presidency expired, and Reagan was sworn January 20, 1981 years, Iranians freed the hostages.During his presidential campaign, Reagan described the State of the American economy with the word "depression" (depression), causing criticism from Carter, who on the incorrect use of the term Republican candidate. In response, Reagan stated the following opinion: "a recession is when your neighbor loses his job, depression is when you lose your job, and the recovery of the economy is when Jimmy Carter loses job" [Comm. 2] [8].

Результаты (английский) 2:

Foreign Policy [edit | edit wiki text]
In 1978, at the summit in Camp David, chaired by Carter Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin agreed to peace, mutual recognition and transfer to Egypt the Sinai Peninsula; it has completed a series of four Egyptian-Israeli wars. The Soviet-American relations during the Carter presidency were mixed. On the one hand, Carter continued negotiations on limiting strategic arms with the USSR, and in 1979 was signed by Leonid Brezhnev SALT-2 Treaty. The story became famous kiss between the two leaders at the signing ceremony of this agreement, it is perceived as an act of Soviet-American reconciliation. However, in the same year, the Soviet Union invades Afghanistan, and Carter signed a decree on the financing of the Afghan anti-Communist forces [2] and the policy of detente in relations with the USSR comes to naught. There are so-called "new nuclear strategy" Carter outlined them in a secret presidential directive number 59 on July 25, 1980. The strategy was based on the possibility of not necessarily transient nuclear war using all the nuclear arsenals of the conflicting powers, but from a long nuclear war, when the first nuclear strikes may be applied to military installations of the USSR, while the missiles will continue to focus on its cities. It was served as the introduction of elements of flexibility in the strategy of nuclear deterrence, but actually support the concept of a nuclear war with the Soviet Union, despite the declaration of mutually adopted during his presidency [3]. The Soviet-American relations deteriorated sharply, SALT-2 treaty has not been ratified by Congress, United States boycotted the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. Carter took the White House Soviet dissident Vladimir Bukovsky. The board took Carter Islamic revolution in Iran; Ayatollah Khomeini declared the US "Great Satan" (or "The Great Devil"), in 1979, they were taken hostage by the staff of the American embassy in Tehran. The negotiations were unsuccessful. April 24th, 1980 the United States tried to conduct a military operation to free the hostages, but it ended in failure. In the late 1970s the United States did not support the Nicaraguan dictator Somoza, he was overthrown during the Sandinista revolution. Carter imposed a ban on CIA operations in Central America, which gave rise to a leading North American media talk about "complete collapse of the US Central American policy," and even a "lost battle, which will lead to the defeat of the global confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union." This vacuum is filled with Argentines saw declare themselves as "the only fighter against communism in the Western Hemisphere," Side and 601 Battalion undertook training of Nicaraguan guerrillas-Contra [4] [5]. January 23, 1980 Jimmy Carter delivered his annual address "On State of the Union ", which has announced a new foreign policy doctrine. The Gulf region has been declared a zone of US interests, to protect the United States that are willing to use armed force. In accordance with the "Carter Doctrine" of any state attempt to establish control over the region of the Persian Gulf have been pre-announced American leadership infringe on the important interests of the United States [6] [7]. The internal policy [edit | edit wiki text] Positions Carter were predominantly liberal-democratic. He argued that it is possible to reduce unemployment to 4.5% and inflation to reduce the annual rate of 4%. He promised to thoroughly revise the federal tax system, which he called "a shame of the human race." He said that the attempt to introduce a single federal system of social welfare and reduce the cost of medical treatment in hospitals. Carter also promised to complete the reorganization of the federal bureaucracy and the creation of "open government." From the outset, the president pays a visit to a small provincial town, where he held meetings with the local community. To answer questions of fellow citizens in the radio program "Ask President Carter." Announced an amnesty for persons who evaded conscription for the war in Vietnam, introduced the two women in the cabinet (more than anyone before him) found a responsible political positions for the representatives of national minorities. Carter presidency had to "rise in oil prices." Against this background, unemployment and inflation are as high as ever, by 1979 the United States was on the brink of economic disaster. The defeat of the Reagan [edit | edit wiki text] the presidential elections in November 1980, Carter, who was running for a second term, was defeated by Republican Ronald Reagan. Five minutes later, after the presidential powers Carter expired and Reagan brought the oath of office January 20, 1981, the Iranians released the hostages. During his presidential campaign, Ronald Reagan described the state of the US economy by the word "depression" (eng. Depression), which drew criticism from Carter pointed out the improper use of Republican candidate this term. In response, Reagan stated the following opinion: "The recession - is when your neighbor loses his job Depression - When you lose a job, and the recovery of the economy - when Jimmy Carter loses a job" [Comm. 2] [8].

Результаты (английский) 3:

the foreign policy of | wiki text rule [rule]
in 1978 at the summit at camp david, under the chairmanship of carter's egyptian president anwar sadat and israeli prime minister menachem begin had agreed on the worldmutual recognition and transfer of egypt sinai peninsula; it completed a series of four egyptian israeli wars.

the soviet american relations during the carter presidency were mixed.on the one hand, carter continued the strategic arms limitation talks with the soviet union in 1979 signed with l. and. brezhnev salt ii treaty.in the history of the famous kiss the two leaders entered at the signing ceremony of the agreement, as an act of воспринимавшийся soviet american reconciliation. however, in the same year, the soviet union sends troops to afghanistan.and carter signed a decree on the financing of the afghan anti communist forces [2] and policies play in relations with the soviet union goes on. is the so-called "new nuclear strategy" cartercontained in classified presidential directive no. 59, dated 25 july 1980. the strategy was not necessarily скоротечной possibility of nuclear war with the use of all nuclear arsenals conflicting powersand from a nuclear war, nuclear strikes first may be military objects of the soviet union, while the missiles will still focus on the town.this served as an element of flexibility in the strategy of nuclear deterrence, but in fact affirmed the concept of nuclear war with the soviet union, despite the declaration were adopted during his presidency [3]

.the soviet american relations deteriorated, the start ii treaty was ratified by congress, the u.s. boycotted the 1980 summer olympics in moscow.carter took in the white house the soviet dissident vladimir буковского.

the carter was iran's islamic revolution, ayatollah khomeini declared the "big сатаной» (or" great дьяволом»)in 1979, were taken hostage by the american embassy in tehran. the negotiations failed. on april 24, 1980, the us tried to conduct a military operation to rescue hostageshowever, it was a complete failure.

at the end of the 1970s the united states does not support the nicaraguan dictator sevilla somoza, it toppled during the sandinista revolution. carter introduced a ban on cia operations in central america.what could cause the leading north american media to talk about "the full collapse of the central american policy", and even "a losing battle, which will lead to a fall in the global confrontation between the us and ussr.this vacuum have the argentineans videla, who had reinvented themselves as "the only fighter against communism in the western hemisphere, sid and 601 battalion started training nicaraguan" contra [4] [5].

on 23 january 1980, jimmy carter made the annual message "about the situation of the country", which introduced a new foreign policy doctrine. the gulf region was declared a zone of u.s. interests.for the protection of which the united states is ready to use armed force. in accordance with the "doctrine of картера»,attempts by any power to establish its control over the region of the persian gulf have been pre declared american led the assault on important u.s. interests [6] [7]

.the policy rule (rule | wiki text]
position carter were predominantly liberal democratic. he argued that it is possible to reduce unemployment to 4.5% and reduce inflation to an annual rate of 4%.promised to thoroughly review the federal tax system, which is called "the shame of the человеческого». saidthat tries to enter a federal social security system and reduce the cost of medical treatment in hospitals.carter promised to complete the reorganization of the federal чиновничьего apparatus and an "open government". since the president made his visits in a small provincial town.