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January 1, 1864 Alexander II approved the "regulations on provincial and district zemstvo institutions" — an act which imposed administration.It is necessary to consider that in a country where the majority of the population were peasants, just freed from serfdom, the introduction of local Government was a significant step in the development of political culture. Elected by the various classes of Russian society, ZEMSKOV institutions is fundamentally different from the corporate organizations, such as the noble Assembly. The Serf-owners resented the fact that on the bench in the Zemsky meeting "yesterday's slave sits next to his recent master". Indeed, the zemstvah were presented to the various estates, nobles, officials, clergy, merchants, industrialists, burghers and peasants.Member of County Assembly were called vowels. The Chairmen of the meeting were the heads of noble self-government — leaders of the nobility. Assembly formed the Executive Branch — County and provincial regional administration. Country councils have the right to collect taxes for their needs and hire employees.The new Russian Government authorities has been limited to economic and Cultural Affairs: content of local communications, medical care for the population, the National Education Act, regional trade and industry, national food etc the new bodies Russian Government were introduced only at the level of provinces and districts. There was no central State mission, and a small school in the parish. Contemporaries wittily called zemstvo "building without basement and roof. The slogan "uvenčaniâ building" was the main slogan of Russian liberals for 40 years, until the establishment of the State Duma.URBAN reform (1870 ad)Russia on the path of capitalism was marked by rapid development of cities, changing the social structure of their populations has led to increasing the role of cities as centres of economic, social, political and cultural life of the country.Urban reform 1870 d. vsesoslovnye were created local governments. Administrative functions now assigned are not all urban society, and its representative body, the Duma. Duma elections occur every four years. The number of members of the Duma-vowels — was quite significant: depending on the number of voters in the city, ranging from 30 to 72 people. In the capital's thoughts of vowels was much higher: in Moscow, St. Petersburg, 180-252. At a meeting of the Duma elected executive body of public administration — the Council and Mayor, who served as President of both the Executive and administrative bodies.Избирательное право базировалось на буржуазном имущественном цензе. Право участия в выборах независимо от сословия получали владельцы недвижимой собственности, облагаемой налогом в пользу города, а также лица, уплачивающие ему определенные торгово-промышленные сборы. Избирательным правом в качестве юридического лица также пользовались разные ведомства, учреждения, общества, компании, церкви, монастыри. Принимать личное участие в голосовании дозволялось только мужчинам, достигшим 25-летнего возраста. Женщины, обладавшие необходимым избирательным цензом, могла участвовать в выборах лишь через своих доверенных лиц.Фактически лишенными избирательного права оказались наемные рабочие, в подавляющем большинстве не владевшие недвижимой собственностью, а также представители образованной части населения, люди умственного труда: инженеры, врачи, преподаватели, чиновники, в основном не имевшие собственных домов, а снимавшие квартиры.The new social institutions were responsible for management of municipal services. They passed a broad range of issues and improvement of municipal services: water supply, sewerage, street lighting, transportation, greening, urban problems, etc., the city had a duty to take care of the "public welfare": to assist in providing the population with food, take action against fire and other calamities, contribute to the protection of people's health "(to the hospital to assist the police in carrying out sanitation activities), take action against begging, to promote national education (set up schools, museums, etc.).JUDICIAL REFORM (1864 ad)Legal statutes of November 20, 1864 strongly broke with the pre-reform judicial system and court proceedings. The new Court was built on a bessoslovnyh basis, as the irremovability of judges, the independence of the judiciary from the Administration, public, oral and adversarial proceedings; in criminal cases in the District Court, provided for the participation of jurors. It's all the typical signs of bourgeois Court.The World Court was set up in counties and cities to deal with minor criminal cases. The World Court had jurisdiction over the case, which should be punishable by reprimand, comments or suggestion, a fine not exceeding $ 300, not exceeding three months of arrest or imprisonment of not more than one year.In criminal cases in the District Court, provided for the jury. It has been introduced, despite the resistance of conservative forces and even reluctance of Alexander II. They were motivated by their opposition to the idea of a jury of SaaS
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