The end of the 18th century witness

The end of the 18th century witnessed some of the most profound political changes in British history. These changes included the loss of the American colonies in 1776 after a seven-year war and the revolutions in agriculture and industry. The Industrial Revolution is the name given to the period beginning in the second half of the 18th century in which industry was transformed from hand-work at home to machine-work in factories. The driving force behind this development was the increase in population and the consequent increase in demand for products. This was only made possible, however, by a series of inventions such as the steam-engine. The Industrial Revolution in Victorian Britain entered its second stage: new industries were developed, new factories were built, Britain's products were exported all over the world. And it was during Queen Victoria's reign that Britain became known as «the workshop of the world». Life in the new factories and towns was one terrible hardship. Men, women, and children worked fifteen or sixteen hours a day in dangerous, unhealthy conditions for poor wages and lived in dirty slums. At the same time, the working classes were becoming organized. In the last quarter of the century, there was a massive increase in trade unionism. Parliament was forced to come to terms with the new social conditions. The Reform Act of 1832, which granted the franchise to tenants of land, was followed by other urgently needed social reforms: the creation of the police force; free compulsory education (1870); legal recognition of trade unions. World War I was followed by a period of severe hardship. It was a time of great social unrest and mistrust between the various classes. Unemployment was high, wages low and there were numerous strikes, including a General Strike in 1926 by all the unions in an unsuccessful attempt to stop the owners of the coalmines cutting miners' wages. The Great Depression of the 1930s actually began with the collapse of the American financial markets (the Wall Street crash) in 1929. In" Britain unemployment reached huge proportions: over three million people, out of a total workforce of 14 million, were out of work. World War II had cost Britain more than a quarter of its national wealth. After the war the Labour government, using the planning experience gained during the war, nationalized the railways and the coal, steel, shipbuilding, gas and electricity industries, and extended the social services provided by the state to include such things as insurance against unemployment, sickness and old age, and free medical care for everyone (NHS, National Health Service). This legislation came to be known as the Welfare State. There then followed a period of economic growth and prosperity. During the 1950s, there was a period of massive growth in the private sector, above all in the newer industries, particularly car and aircraft production, and wages increased by 40%. Most families could now afford a car, fridge, and a television set, and people began to talk of an affluent society. By the start of the 1960s, however, production was beginning to slow, while wages and prices continued to rise. The main problems faced by the Government were economic, and it adopted the severest measures, including wage freezes and a 14% devaluation of sterling, in an unsuccessful attempt to overcome the difficult economic situation. And it was not until the International Monetary Fund began a rescue operation at the end of 1976 that a dramatic recovery got underway. This recovery was also due to the high levels of oil production reached in the North Sea. Margaret Thatcher — the Iron Lady, as she was called — was elected Prime Minister in 1979, and the Thatcher «revolution» started and dominated the decade. Budgets throughout the 1980s have reduced income tax, and state-owned facilities such as water and British Gas have been handed over to voters. Britain has enjoyed great possessions of knowledge, wealth, and communications. Mrs. Thatcher once said she wanted Britain to make a return to Victorian values. In many respects, the country has. Most significant is Mrs. Thatcher's creation of a new breed of Briton. Using the driving forces of greed and selfishness, Mrs. Thatcher appealed to many voters for the simple reason that they wanted more money in their pockets, more home ownership, more of everything. And after a decade of Thatcherism people have really become better off.

Источник: http://freeref.ru/wievjob.php?id=919891

Результаты (английский) 1:

The end of the 18th century witnessed some of the most profound political changes in British history. These changes included the loss of the American colonies in 1776 after a seven-year war and the revolutions in agriculture and industry. The Industrial Revolution is the name given to the period beginning in the second half of the 18th century in which industry was transformed from a hand-work at home to machine-work in factories. The driving force behind this development was the increase in population and the consequent increase in demand for products. This was only made possible, however, by a series of inventions such as the steam engine. The Industrial Revolution in Victorian Britain entered its second stage: new industries were developed, new factories were built, Britain's products were exported all over the world. And it was during Queen Victoria's reign that Britain became known as "the workshop of the world". Life in the new factories and towns was one terrible hardship. Men, women, and children worked fifteen or sixteen hours a day in dangerous, unhealthy conditions for poor wages and lived in dirty slums. At the same time, the working classes were becoming organized. In the last quarter of the century, there was a massive increase in trade unionism. Parliament was forced to come to terms with the new social conditions. The Reform Act of 1832, which granted the franchise to tenants of land, was followed by other urgently needed social reforms: the creation of the police force; free compulsory education (1870); legal recognition of trade unions. World War I was followed by a period of severe hardship. It was a time of great social unrest and mistrust between the various classes. Unemployment was high, wages low and there were numerous strikes, including a General Strike in 1926 by all the unions in an unsuccessful attempt to stop the owners of the coalmines cutting miners ' wages. The Great Depression of the 1930s actually began with the collapse of the American financial markets (the Wall Street crash) in 1929. In Britain, unemployment reached huge proportions features: over three million people, out of a total workforce of 14 million were out of work. World War II had cost Britain more than a quarter of its national wealth. After the war the Labour government, using the planning experience gained during the war, nationalized the railways and the coal, steel, shipbuilding, gas and electricity industries, and extended the social services provided by the state to include such things as insurance against unemployment, sickness and old age, and free medical care for everyone (NHS, National Health Service). This legislation came to be known as the Welfare State. There then followed a period of economic growth and prosperity. During the 1950s, there was a period of massive growth in the private sector, above all in the newer industries, particularly car and aircraft production, and wages increased by 40%. Most families could now for the Roma community a car, fridge, and a television set, and people began to talk of an affluent society. By the start of the 1960s, however, production was beginning to slow, while wages and prices continued to rise. The main problems faced by the Government were economic, and it adopted the severest measures, including wage e.g. and a 14% debit card of sterling, in an unsuccessful attempt to overcome the difficult economic situation. And it was not until the International Monetary Fund began a rescue operation at the end of 1976 that a dramatic recovery got underway. This recovery was also due to the high levels of oil production reached in the North Sea. Margaret Thatcher, the Iron Lady, as she was called — was elected Prime Minister in 1979, and the "Thatcher revolution" started and dominated the decade. Budgets throughout the 1980s have reduced income tax, and state-owned facilities such as water and British Gas have been handed over to the voters. Britain has enjoyed great possessions of knowledge, wealth, and communications. Mrs Thatcher once said she wanted Britain to make a return to Victorian values. In many respects, the country has. Most significant is Mrs. Thatcher's creation of a new breed of Briton. Using the driving forces of greed and selfishness, Mrs. Thatcher appealed to many voters for the simple reason that they wanted more money in their pockets, more home ownership, more of everything. And after a decade of Thatcherism people have really become better off.Источник: http://freeref.ru/wievjob.php?id=919891

Результаты (английский) 2:

Конец 18-го века стали свидетелями некоторых из самых глубоких политических изменений в британской истории. Эти изменения включали потерю американских колоний в 1776 году после семи лет войны и революции в сельском хозяйстве и промышленности. Промышленная революция это название в период, начинающийся во второй половине 18-го века, в котором промышленность превратилась из ручного работа на дому в машинном работы на заводах. Движущей силой этого развития был рост населения и, как следствие увеличение спроса на продукцию. Это стало возможным только, однако, ряд изобретений, таких как паровоз. Промышленная революция в Англии вступил в викторианском второй этап: были разработаны новые отрасли промышленности, новые заводы были построены, продукты Великобритании были экспортированы во всем Мир. И это было во время правления королевы Виктории, что Великобритания стала известна как «мастерская мира». Жизнь в новых заводов и городов был один страшный трудности. Мужчины, женщины и дети работали пятнадцать или шестнадцать часов в день опасно, нездоровые условия для низкой заработной платы и жили в грязных трущобах. В то же время, рабочие классы становятся организованы. В последней четверти века, было значительное увеличение профсоюзного движения. Парламент был вынужден смириться с новым социальные условия. последовал Закон о реформе 1832 года, который предоставил франшизы арендаторов земли, другими срочно необходимых социальных реформ: создание полиции; бесплатное обязательное образование (1870); юридическое признание профсоюзов. Первая мировая война последовал период тяжелых испытаний. Это было время великих социальных волнений и недоверия между различными классами. Безработица была высокой, заработная плата низкая и были многочисленные удары, в том числе всеобщую забастовку в 1926 году всеми профсоюзами в неудачной попытке ., чтобы остановить владельцев угольных шахт режущих заработной платы шахтеров Великая депрессия 1930-х годов фактически началась с краха американских финансовых рынках (аварии Уолл-стрит) в 1929 году в "безработицы Великобритании достигла огромных масштабов: более трех миллионов человек, из общей численности рабочей силы 14 миллионов, остались без работы. Вторая мировая война стоила Англии более четверти своего национального богатства. После войны лейбористское правительство, используя опыт планирования, накопленный во время войны, были национализированы железные дороги и угольные, металлоконструкций, судостроительные, газ и электричество промышленности, и расширить социальные услуги, оказываемые государством включать такие вещи, как страхование от безработицы, болезни и старости, и бесплатное медицинское обслуживание для всех (NHS, Национальной службы здравоохранения). Это законодательство стало известно как социального государства. Там затем следуют период экономического роста и процветания. В 1950, был период массового роста в частном секторе, прежде всего в новых отраслях промышленности, в частности автомобильной и авиационной продукции, а заработная плата увеличилась на 40%. Сейчас большинство семей могут позволить себе автомобиль, холодильник и телевизор , и люди начали говорить о богатом обществе. К началу 1960-х годов, однако, производство начинает замедляться, в то время как заработная плата и цены продолжали расти. Основные проблемы, с которыми сталкиваются правительства были экономические, и он принял суровые меры , в том числе замораживание заработной платы и 14% девальвации фунта стерлингов, в неудачной попытке преодолеть сложную экономическую ситуацию. И это не было до тех пор, Международный валютный фонд начал спасательную операцию в конце 1976, что резкое восстановление начался. Это восстановление также из-за высоких уровней добычи нефти, достигнутых в Северном море. Маргарет Тэтчер - железной леди, а она так и называется - был избран премьер-министром в 1979 году, и Тэтчер «революцию» начали и власти десятилетие. Бюджеты течение рабочего 1980-е годы сократили налог на прибыль, и государственные объекты, такие как вода и British Gas были переданы избирателей. Великобритания пользуется большое имение знаний, богатства и связей. Г-жа Тэтчер как-то сказала, что хотела Великобританию, чтобы вернуться к Викторианский значения. Во многом, страна имеет. Наиболее значимыми миссис создание Тэтчер нового поколения британца. Использование движущие силы жадности и эгоизма, миссис Тэтчер обратилась к многих избирателей по той простой причине, что они хотели больше денег . в их карманах, больше домовладения, более всего того и после десяти лет Тэтчер людей действительно стали лучше. Источник: http://freeref.ru/wievjob.php?id=919891

Результаты (английский) 3:

the end of the 18th century witnessed some of the most profound political changes in british history. these changes included the loss of the american in october 1776. after a seven year war, and the strongest in agriculture and industry.the industrial revolution is the name given to the period beginning in the second half of the 18th century in which industry was transformed from a hand work at home to the machine's work in factories. the driving force behind this development was the increase in population and the consequent increase in demand for products. this was only made possible withby a series of inventions such as the steam engine. the industrial revolution in victorian britain entered its second stage, new industries were developed, new factories were built, britain 's products were exported all over the world. and it was during queen victoria's by that britain was known as "the workshop of the world». life in the new factories and towns was one standard hardship.men, women, and children worked fifteen or 16 hours a day in dangerous, unhealthy conditions for poor wages and lived in dirty slums. at the same time, the working classes were becoming organized. in the last quarter of the century, there was a massive increase in trade unionism. parliament was forced to come to terms with the new social conditions. the reform act of 1832.which granted the franchise to i need one of land, was followed by other am needed social reforms, the creation of the police force; free compulsory education (1870); the legal recognition of trade unions. world war i was followed by a period of of hardship. it was a time of great social unrest and mistrust between the various classes. unemployment was high.wages low and there were numerous strikes, including a general strike in 1926 by all the unions in an unsuccessful attempt to stop the owners of the coalmines cutting miners' wages. the great depression of the interiors actually began with the writing of the american financial markets (the wall street crash) in 1929. in "britain unemployment reached to proportions: over three million people.out of a total workforce of 14 million were out of work. world war ii had cost in more than a quarter of its national wealth. after the war, the labour government, using the planning experience theatres during the war, nationalized the railways and the coal, steel, shipbuilding, gas and equipment industries.and in the social services provided by the state to include such things as insurance against unemployment, sickness and old age, and free medical care for everyone (nhs, the national health service). this legislation came to be known as the welfare state. there then followed a period of economic growth and prosperity. during the 1950s,there was a period of massive growth in the private sector, above all in the newer industries, particularly car and aircraft production, and wages increased by 40%. most families could now afford a car, fridge, and a television set, and people began to talk of an affluent society. by the start of the 1960s, however, the production was beginning to slow, while wages and prices continued to rise.the main problems faced by the government and economic, and it adopted the severest measures, including wage freezes and a 14% devaluation of sterling, in an unsuccessful attempt to overcome the difficult economic situation. and it was not until the international monetary fund for a rescue operation at the end of 1976 that a dramatic recovery got underway.this recovery was also due to the high levels of oil production reached in the north sea. margaret Thatcher - the iron lady, as she was called, was at prime minister in 1979, and the Thatcher "revolution» started and in the decade. budgets throughout the 1980s have reduced income tax and state owned facilities such as water and british gas have been started over to voters.britain has enjoyed great possessions of knowledge, wealth, and communications. mrs. Thatcher once said she wanted britain to make a return to victorian values. in many respects, the country has. most significant is mrs. Thatcher's creation of a new breed of Briton. using the driving forces of greed and selfishness, mrs.Thatcher appealed to many voters for the simple reason that they wanted more money in their evening, more home ownership, more of everything. and after a decade of Thatcherism people have really become better off.

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