Существует много принципов классифи

Существует много принципов классификации биосенсоров, исходящих из природы биохимического компонента, преобразователя сигнала, аналитических задач, особенностей генерируемого сигнала и областей потенциального применения. Наиболее важные классификации:
по биохимическому компоненту: ферментные сенсоры, иммуносенсоры, ДНК-сенсоры, сенсоры на основе микроорганизмов и клеточных тканей, сенсоры на основе надмолекулярных клеточных структур; по способу измерения сигнала: электрохимические, оптические, физические, гибридные; по сигналу: динамические (кинетические), стационарные (равновесные); по области применения: экология, медицина, биотехнология, пищевая промышленность.

Классификация по биохимическому компоненту:
Ферментные сенсоры включают чистые препараты фермента или биологические препараты (гомогены тканей или микробных культур), проявляющие определенную биологическую активность.
Иммуносенсоры в качестве биохимического рецептора используют иммуноглобулины - защитные белки, выделяемые иммунной системой организма в ответ на поступление чужеродных биологических соединений (антигенов).
ДНК-сенсоры включают в качестве биохимического компонента нуклеиновые кислоты (ДНК).
Микробные биосенсоры используют микроорганизмы, которые могут осуществлять превращение определенного вещества с помощью ферментов. Отличаются от ферментных сенсоров тем, что в превращении субстрата могут участвовать не один, а совокупность ферментов.
Биосенсоры на основе надмолекулярных структур клетки занимают промежуточное положение между ферментными и ДНК-сенсорами и микробными сенсорами, поскольку в их основе применяют внутриклеточные структуры, имеющие достаточно сложное иерархическое строение.

Классификация по способу измерения:
Электрохимические биосенсоры работают по принципу измерения электрического тока, возникающего в результате окисления или восстановления электрохимически активных веществ на поверхности рабочего электрода (амперометри- ческие биосенсоры) или на измерении разности потенциалов между двумя электродами – рабочим и электродом сравнения при постоянном токе (потенциометрические биосенсоры).
Пьезоэлектрические биосенсоры чувствительны к изменению массы на поверхности физического носителя (гравиметрические биосенсоры); плотности, вязкости среды, частоты колебаний акустических волн.
Оптические биосенсоры реагируют не на химическое взаимодействие определяемого компонента с чувствительным элементом, а на физическо-оптические параметры – интенсивностью поглощения, отражения света, люминесценции объекта и т.д.

Результаты (английский) 1:

There are many classifications of biosensors, outgoing from the nature of the biochemical component signal converter, analytical tasks, features generated signal and areas of potential application. The most important classification:on the biochemical component: enzyme sensors, immunosensory, DNA-based sensors, sensors based on micro-organisms and cellular tissues, nadmolekuljarnyh sensors based on cellular structures; According to the method of measurement signal: Electrochemical, optical, physical, hybrid; on a signal: dynamic (kinetic), stationary (steady-state); in scope: Ecology, medicine, biotechnology, food industry.Classification by biochemical component:Enzyme sensors include pure preparations of the enzyme or Biologicals (gomogeny tissue or microbial cultures), exhibiting a specific biological activity.Immunosensory as a biochemical receptor immunoglobulins-use protective proteins secreted by the body's immune system in response to the arrival of alien biological substances (antigens).DNA sensors include as biochemical component of nucleic acids (DNA).Microbial biosensors use microorganisms that can carry out the transformation of certain substances using enzymes. Different from enzyme sensors that in making the substrate can participate not just one, but a set of enzymes.Biosensors based on nadmolekuljarnyh cell structures occupy an intermediate position between enzyme and DNA sensors and microbial sensors, since they apply intracellular structures that have a rather complex hierarchical structure.Classification according to the method of measurement:Electrochemical biosensors operate on the principle of measuring the electric current generated by oxidation or restore electrochemically active substances on the surface of the electrode (amperometri environmental biosensors) or by measuring the voltage between two electrodes and electrode-compare with DC (potentiometric biosensors).Piezoelectric biosensors are sensitive to changes in mass on the surface of the physical media (gravimetric biosensors); density, viscosity Wednesday, the oscillation frequency of acoustic waves.Optical biosensors react to chemical interaction with the component-defined sensitive element, and the physical-optical-intensity absorption, light reflection, luminescence object, etc.

Результаты (английский) 2:

There are many principles of classification of biosensors, emanating from the nature of the biochemical component signal converter, analytical tasks, characteristics of the generated signal and the potential areas of application. The most important classification:
on the biochemical components: enzyme sensors, immunosensors, DNA sensors, sensors based on micro-organisms and cell tissue, sensors based on supramolecular cellular structures; method for signal measurement: electrochemical, optical, physical, hybrid; a signal: dynamic (kinetic), stationary (equilibrium); by Application: ecology, medicine, biotechnology, food industry.

Classification by biochemical components:
Enzyme sensors include pure preparations of the enzyme, or biological agents (Homogenous tissues or microbial cultures), show some biological activity.
In immunosensors used as a biochemical receptor immunoglobulins - protective proteins secreted by the immune system in response to receipt of alien biological compounds (antigens).
DNA sensors include a biochemical component nucleic acid (DNA).
Microbial biosensors use micro-organisms that can carry out the conversion of certain substances with the help of enzymes. Enzyme sensors differ from that in substrate conversion one can not participate, and the set of enzymes.
Biosensors based on supramolecular cell structures occupy an intermediate position between the enzyme and DNA sensors and microbial sensors, since they are based on use of intracellular structures with rather complex hierarchical structure.

Classification measurement method:
Electrochemical biosensors operate on the principle of measuring the electrical current resulting from oxidation or reduction of the electrochemically active materials on the surface of the working electrode (cal amperometri- biosensors) or potential difference measurement between two electrodes - a working and reference electrode at a constant current ( potentiometric biosensors).
Piezoelectric biosensors sensitive to changes in mass on the surface of the physical carrier (gravimetric biosensors); density viscosity of the medium, the oscillation frequency of the acoustic waves.
Optical biosensors not respond to chemical interaction with the detected component sensitive element and on the physical-optical characteristics - absorption intensity, light reflection, luminescence and object etc.

Результаты (английский) 3:

there are many principles of biosensors, coming from the nature of the biochemical components of the transducer signal analytical tasks, the characteristics of the generated signal and areas of potential application. the most important classification:on component: enzyme sensors, иммуносенсоры, dna sensors, sensors based on microorganisms and cellular tissue, sensors on the basis of надмолекулярных cellular structures; a method to measure the signal: electrochemical, optical, physical, hybrid, on signal, the dynamic (kinetic), stationary (equilibrium); applications: ecology, medicine, biotechnology, the food w ромышленность.classification on component:enzyme sensors include pure preparations of enzyme or biological preparations (гомогены tissue or bacterial cultures) with certain biological activity.иммуносенсоры as biochemical рецептора use immunoglobulin - protective proteins by the immune system of an organism in response to admission of alien biological compounds (antigens).dna sensors include a biochemical component of nucleic acid (dna).microbial биосенсоры using microorganisms, which could carry out the transformation of the specific substance by using enzymes. different from the enzyme sensors, in converting the substrate may participate, not one, but a set of enzymes.on the basis of надмолекулярных structures биосенсоры cells occupy an intermediate position between ферментными and dna sensors and микробными sensors as their basis, apply the внутриклеточные structures are sufficiently complex hierarchical structure.classification method of measurement.electrochemical биосенсоры work on the principle of measuring electric current arising from the oxidation of electrochemically active substances or on the surface of the working electrode (амперометри had биосенсоры) or measuring the voltage potential between the two electrodes, and the electrode is a comparison with a direct current (потенциометрические биосенсоры).пьезоэлектрические биосенсоры are sensitive to changes in the mass on the surface of the physical media (gravimetric биосенсоры); density; viscosity environment fluctuation of acoustic waves.optical биосенсоры react to chemical interaction as a component with a sensitive element, and физическо optical parameters: intensity attenuation, reflection of light люминесценции object and so on.