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Fig. 2 Change in tax theory under the influence of the historical features of epochs, periods of social development and the differences in the geographical localization of
Systematic study of various aspects of taxation appeared in Europe only in the middle of the XVII century, with the emergence of the first eko¬nomicheskih schools and trends, based on a methodological basis of philosophical, political, natural science theosophical concepts and attitudes leading members of society. The merit of these people is that they have tried to give a multi-faceted, truly encyclopedic understanding.
Common tax theory and theoretical-methodological substantiation of the essence obschest¬ve occurring in socio-economic, -pravovyh, -political and others. Processes and yav¬leny, wealth and diversity which has become complicated in the era of discoveries geografi¬cheskih (XV c.) and the bourgeois revolutions (XVI-XVII century.), which sozda¬lo prerequisites for the development of fiscal theory, the system which is shown in Fig. 3 Fig. 3 system of taxation theories interdisciplinary, in the modern sense, the approach to the study of na¬logooblozheniya involves not overlook not only the issues hozyay¬stvennoy human activities, but also the social structure: semey¬nogo order, tribal organization of society and state. Therefore, together with the study of economic behavior, economic subek¬tov (organizations), society as a whole needs to be studied both political and psychological motives of individual members of society and their groups. At the same time you need to take into account the institutional os¬novu society, which, Depending on the time and place vyra¬zhaetsya, both in the form of direct oral orders and orders governing or¬ganov, or nominal leaders of society, and in the form of formal legal norms (written instructions). Today, a complex methodological nature nalogovedeniya difficult ot¬ritsat. Therefore, when analyzing the theories of taxation should ispol¬zovat and interdisciplinary approach in all its diversity. To develop a methodology for the theory of taxation methods related sciences (see. Fig. 4). Fig. 4 Change in tax theory under the influence of the adjacent scientific fields Tax theory developed in line with the justification of the nature of the tax, the spirit and prinitspe taxation, identification of key actors involved in the process of taxation, development and justification of new and new fiscal arrangements, types and kinds of tax policy. The purpose of this fiscal development theories is more effective allocation and reallocation of resources of society. Today, the tax concept is much deeper and more accurately describe ot¬nosheniya state and taxpayers in their interaction in the field of taxation, while maintaining a causal relationship and affinity with the methodological past promises exercises. 2. Concept of taxation in the XVIII century 2.1 Characteristics of taxation in the XVIII century in the taxable base of Russia in the XVIII century. there have been significant changes. In the first half of the century it has become a booming industry. Adopted by Peter I measures for the development of industrial production contributed to a change in the structure of GDP. It has sharply increased the share of industrial products. This was reflected in Russian exports. If earlier it was dominated by agricultural products, already in 1725 the share of industrial products in Russia's exports amounted to 48%. However, the development of industrial production required not only public investment in the creation of state-owned enterprises, but also the initial private capital, mostly merchants. To create such opportunities for Russian entrepreneurs provided generous tax incentives. At the same time Russia waged an active foreign policy, accompanied by constant warfare, demanding the allocation of huge funds from the treasury. Thus, it created a situation where the irresistibly growing budget expenditure and reduced tax base. All this led to the need for major changes in the tax area. There have been introduced new taxes, including - taxes cabs, regular courts, hiring of houses, courts and even the smooth collection of beards. With the nobles of his beard are charged 660 rubles., A merchant - 100 rubles., With traders - 60 rub., With the peasants - 30 rubles. The village of peasants by the beard did not pay, but at the exit to the city to pay 1 cop. Tax charge of domestic steel baths (with merchants to 3 rubles., From peasants to 15 cop.). Fees levied even the oak coffins. The number of direct taxes in 1719 entered a mountain lodge, is charged with the Miners in the amount of 10% of gross production resources. This tax existed until the XX century. In order to more evenly distribute the tax burden na overwhelming majority of the rural population instead of the homestead tax in 1724 introduced the poll tax, abolished only at the end of the XIX century. This tax is levied at a rate of 74 kopecks. the peasant soul of a male. With urban populations collected at 1 rub. 20 kopecks. with soul. The size of the poll tax increased steadily: in 1861, he has already reached 3 rubles. 30 kopecks. in year. Collection of the tax itself provided the peasant community, she was responsible for each of its members. Tax evasion led to the seizure of property. Wealthy members of the community have made tax evaders who practiced their debts. This led to a further stratification of the community. The introduction of the poll tax has significantly expanded the tax base, since the number of payers
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