Талио́н — категория истории нравов,

Талио́н — категория истории нравов, более известная как равное возмездие. Принцип назначения наказания за преступление, согласно которому мера наказания должна воспроизводить вред, причинённый преступлением («око за око, зуб за зуб»).
В русском праве идея талиона еще сохранялась в значительном объеме в Соборном уложении 1649 года, которое, например, за телесное повреждение предписывало отплачивать преступнику тем же: «отсечет руку или ногу, или нос, или ухо, или губы отрежет, или глаз выколет… самому ему то же учинить». Разбойников дозволялось пытать в праздники, так как они сами в праздники бьют, мучат и огнём жгут.

Большую роль талион играл и в законах Петра I. В Артикуле воинском 1715 года предписывалось за богохуление прожигать язык раскаленным железом, за лжеприсягу отсекать два пальца, за убийство «паки отметить и без всякой милости голову отсечь». Талион применялся также при ложных доносах.

С течением времени материальный талион, разделяя участь членовредительных наказаний и квалифицированных форм смертной казни, перестает применяться. Вообще возможность осуществления его постепенно теряется при усложнении форм преступной деятельности и изменении карательных систем, ставящих в основание кары лишение свободы.

Идея возмездия (без строгого проведения талиона) и в настоящее время служит исходным началом, к которому только приводят другие цели и задачи наказания.
Теряя своё значение на практике, талион сохраняет его в теориях наказания, исходящих из начала справедливости как математического равенства, дозволяющего причинить преступнику не более того страдания и зла, которые причинены им самим.

На проведении идеи талиона построены философские теории наказания Канта и Гегеля, которые легли в основу классической школы уголовного права. Кант исходил из положения, что нравственный императив предполагает возмездие преступнику в равном объеме: убийство должно караться смертью. Так как последовательное проведение талиона далеко не всегда возможно, то Кант допускал относительное равновесие наказания и преступления, например, отдачу вора в работы, назначение кастрации за изнасилование.

Гегель выдвинул вместо идеи возмездия идею восстановления права, но так как, по его мнению, наказание должно быть уравнено с преступлением, хотя не материально, а соответственно характеру воли преступника, то и его теория также опиралась на равное возмездие, то есть талион.

В современных уголовных кодексах это направление заметно уступает другим началам, поддерживаемым сторонниками социологического направления криминологии, выходящими из начал предупреждения, охраны, целесообразности государственной политики в области уголовного правосудия и придающими началу возмездия меньшую роль.

Однако и до настоящего времени принцип талиона продолжает бытовать в общественном сознании. Например, смертная казнь как вид наказания иногда воспринимается обществом как торжество справедливости.

Результаты (английский) 1:

Talión-category history of manners, better known as equal wages. The principle of punishment for a crime according to which penalties should play the harm caused by the offence (eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth ").In Russian law idea yet of the Taleon remained significant in the Cathedral arrangement 1649, which, for example, for bodily injury should require the offender to repay the same: "would exclude an arm or a leg, or the nose, ear or lip, or cut, or eye vykolet ... He himself the same cause ". The robbers allowed torture during the holidays because they are holidays, Bute pain and fire a tourniquet.A major role played in the laws of talion Peter i. Article 1715 year for ordering a military bogohulenie burning tongue hot iron, for false oath cut off two fingers for killing "packs note and without mercy to cut off his head. Taleon applied also when false Donoso.Over time, the material separating the Taleon fate členovreditel′nyh penalties and qualified forms of the death penalty ceases to apply. In General, the possibility of implementing it progressively lost when distorted forms of criminal activity and change the punitive systems aimed at the base of a penalty of deprivation of liberty.The idea of retribution (without strict spending Taleon) and currently serves as the original beginning, to which only other aims and objectives of punishment.Losing its importance in practice, but stores it in the theories of punishment, coming from the beginning of Justice as the mathematical equality, dozvolâûŝego cause the offender no more suffering and evil that is caused by him.On an idea of the Taleon built philosophical theories of punishment of Kant and Hegel, which formed the basis of the classical school of penal law. Kant believed that moral imperative implies retribution perpetrator in equal amounts: murder must be punished by death. Because the consistent implementation of the Taleon isn't always possible, Kant allowed the relative balance of punishment and crime, for example, the impact of the thief in the work, the appointment of castration for rape.Hegel had put forward the idea of retribution rather than the idea of restoring the law, but because, in his opinion, the punishment should be equated with a crime, although not material, and hence the nature of the will of the perpetrator, then his theory also relied on equal wages, that is, the talion.In modern criminal codes of this direction is markedly inferior to other origins, supported by advocates of sociological Criminology directions emerging from the warning, security began the appropriateness of State policy in the field of criminal justice and giving top retribution lesser role.However, until now, eye for an eye continues to operate in the public consciousness. For example, the death penalty as a form of punishment is sometimes perceived by society as a triumph of Justice.

Результаты (английский) 2:

Taleon - category History manners, better known as an equal retaliation. The principle of punishment for a crime, according to which the sanction must reproduce the damage caused to the crime ( "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth").
The Russian right the idea of retaliation has maintained a significant amount in the Council Code in 1649, which, for example, bodily instructing criminal damage repay the same "cut off an arm or leg, or nose, or ears, or lips cut off, or eye vykolet ... to inflict him the same." Robbers were allowed to torture during the holidays, as they themselves during the holidays hit, tortured and fire harness.

An important role played talion and the laws of Peter I. In 1715 Marking military ordered for bogohulenie burn tongue with a hot iron, for perjury cut off two fingers, for murder "paki note and without mercy to cut off his head." Taleon also used when a false accusation.

Over time, the material talion sharing the fate chlenovreditelnyh penalties and qualified forms of the death penalty is no longer applied. In general, the ability to implement it gradually lost when the complication forms of criminal activity and changes in penal systems that put in the foundation of punishment imprisonment.

Retribution idea (without strict conduct of retaliation) and currently serves as the initial beginning, which only cause other goals and objectives of punishment.
Losing its value in practice, Taleon stores it in penalty theories emanating from the justice as a mathematical equation, allows to cause the offender no more suffering and evil, which are caused by him.

in carrying out the idea of retaliation built philosophical theories of Kant punishment and Hegel, who formed the the foundation of the classical school of criminal law. Kant proceeded from the assumption that the moral imperative of the alleged offender retaliation in equal amounts: murder is punishable by death. Since the consistent implementation of retaliation is not always possible, Kant admitted the relative balance of punishment and crime, for example, returns the thief to work, the purpose of castration for rape.

Hegel proposed instead the idea of retribution idea of restoring the right, but because, in his opinion, the punishment should be equated with the offense, although not material, and therefore the nature of the criminal will, and his theory is also relied on an equal retribution, that is, talion.

In modern criminal codes this trend markedly inferior to other principles, supported by the supporters of the sociological trend of criminology, emanating from the warning , safety, expediency in the field of criminal justice public policies and give top retribution smaller role.

However, to date the principle of retaliation continues to prevail in the public consciousness. For example, the death penalty as a form of punishment is sometimes perceived by society as a triumph of justice.

Результаты (английский) 3:

талио́н - category, history of morals, more commonly known as the equal retribution. the principle of punishment for the crime, according to which the punishment should reproduce the harm caused to the crime ("an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth).in english law, the idea of талиона still remained a significant amount in the соборном уложении 1649, which, for example, for injury required a отплачивать as: "star, cut an arm or a leg, or nose, or ear, or lips cut off, or an eye,... to him the same учинить». the thieves from torture in holidays because they are on holidays are, and have the fire burning.талион played great role in acts of peter the great. in 1715, the art of артикуле required for богохуление burning tongue with a branding iron, лжеприсягу отсекать two fingers, for the murder of "paki note and without mercy, head отсечь». талион applied also with false доносах.with the passage of time, the material талион, sharing the fate членовредительных qualified forms of punishment and death penalty will be applied. even the possibility of it gradually lost with complicate forms of criminal activity and the change of punitive systems that the penalty of deprivation of liberty.the idea of retribution (without the strict implementation of талиона) and currently serves as the beginning, to which only lead other goals and tasks of the punishment.losing its value in practice, талион retains his theories of punishment, outbound from the beginning of justice as a mathematical equality, дозволяющего cause more suffering and hardship caused to them.on the ideas талиона built philosophical theory of punishment, kant and hegel, which formed the basis of the classical school of criminal law. kant considered the situation that involves a moral imperative is equally: murder is punishable by death. as the consistent implementation of талиона isn"t always possible, kant made the relative balance of punishment and crime, for example, the impact of the thief in the work, the appointment of castration for rape.hegel put forward the idea of restoring the law instead of ideas of retribution, but since, in his view, the punishment must be уравнено with the crime, although not the material, and therefore the nature of the will of man, and his theory is also based on the equal retribution, is талион.in the current criminal code of this area is markedly different началам supported by supporters of sociology, criminology, emerging from the start warning, safety, feasibility of state policy in the field of criminal justice and associating with the beginning and a smaller role.however, and