24 октября 1929 года в США произошё

24 октября 1929 года в США произошёл сильнейший обвал фондового рынка, получивший название «чёрного четверга» и ставший началом Великой Депрессии. Великая Депрессия послужила поводом к стремлению правительства управлять всей экономикой. Стоит сказать, что отрасль экономики, которая изучает поведение всей экономики и обеспечивает устойчивый экономический рост, полную занятость ресурсов и минимизацию уровня инфляции называется макроэкономикой. Рассмотрим два механизма, позволяющие обеспечить стране вышеперечисленное.
Первым механизмом является фискальная политика. Данный механизм направлен на регулирование совокупного спроса посредством изменения налогообложения и государственных расходов. Налогообложение включает в себя подоходный налог и прогрессивное налогообложение.
Подоходный налог устанавливается на доходы физических лиц и на прибыль фирм.
В прогрессивном налогообложении норма обложения растет вместе с ростом облагаемого налогом дохода. Особенностью такого налогообложения является то, что оно весьма существенно уменьшает неравенство в доходах. Но также люди могут сохранить часть своего дохода, не оплачивая налог, данная сумма называется персональное пособие.
Если экономика нуждается в стабилизации, правительство может изменить размер персонального пособия или изменить процент от доходов, вследствие чего рост или, наоборот, замедление экономики приходит в норму.
Теперь рассмотрит государственные расходы, как составляющее фискальной политики. Эффект мультипликатора полностью даёт представление о работе государственных расходов. Первоначальные инвестиции порождают прирост национального дохода, поскольку лишь частично пойдут на сбережение, часть будет потрачена, вследствие чего произойдёт новый прирост национального дохода, но вновь меньший из-за откладываемых сбережений и так далее.
Рассмотрим пример, демонстрирующий работу мультипликатора:
Допустим, жители страны в среднем из 10 заработанных рублей тратят на личные расходы 8, а 2 кладут в банк. Их предельная склонность к сбережению равна 2/10 = 0,2.
На те рубли, которые жители кладут в банк, банк может выдать кредиты. Сбережённые деньги вновь возвращаются в оборот. Люди, которые получили в банке кредиты, тратят их по своему усмотрению, а это значит, что продавцы в магазинах получают доход, равный сумме выданного кредита. Продавцы вновь из 10 заработанных рублей тратят 8, сберегая 2. Дальше всё по кругу.
Совсем не работает эффект мультипликатора в странах, где экономика очень слаба. Мультипликатор перестает действовать, когда весь национальный доход равен приросту сбережений, а также в условиях полной занятости всех экономических ресурсов, так как для расширения производства нужны свободные экономические ресурсы.

Результаты (английский) 1:

October 24, 1929 year in the United States was the strongest stock market crash known as "Black Thursday" and the onset of the great depression. The great depression gave rise to the desire of the Government to manage the economy. It is said that the economy, which studies the behavior of the entire economy and sustainable economic growth, full employment of resources and minimizing the level of inflation is called the macro economy. Consider two mechanism to ensure the country above.The first is fiscal policy. This mechanism is aimed at regulating aggregate demand through changes in taxation and public expenditure. Tax includes income tax and progressive taxation. Income tax on the income of individuals and for-profit firms. In the progressive tax rate taxation is increasing along with the growth of taxable income. Feature of such taxation is that it significantly reduces the income inequalities. But also people can save part of their income without paying taxes, this amount is called the personal allowance.If the economy is in need of stabilization, the Government can change the size of the personal benefits or change the percentage of income, and growth or slowing the economy bounces back.Now consider public expenditure as of fiscal policy. The multiplier effect is totally gives you an idea of the work of government spending. Initial investment led growth in national income, as only partly will go to conservation, part of it will be spent, so that there will be a new national income growth, but again less because of deferred savings and so on.Let's look at an example demonstrating the multiplier:For example, residents of an average of 10 earned $ spend on personal expenses 8, and 2 put in the Bank. The marginal propensity to save is 2/10 = 0.2.The ruble, which residents put in a Bank, the Bank can issue loans. Outsourced money back into circulation. People who were in Bank loans, spend them on your own, which means that the salespeople at the stores receive income equal to the amount of the issued loan. Sellers again from 10 earned rubles to spend 8, saving 2. Then everything around the circle.Not at all a multiplier effect in the countries where the economy is very weak. The multiplier shall cease to have effect when the entire national income equal to the increase in savings, as well as in conditions of full employment of all economic resources so as to increase the production of free economic resources are needed.

Результаты (английский) 2:

October 24, 1929 in the US there was the strongest stock market crash, dubbed "Black Thursday" and became the beginning of the Great Depression. The Great Depression gave rise to the desire of the government to manage the economy. It is worth saying that the sector of the economy that studies the behavior of the entire economy and to ensure sustainable economic growth, full employment of resources and minimizing the rate of inflation is called macroeconomics. Consider the following two mechanisms to ensure the country above.
The first mechanism is fiscal policy. This mechanism aims to regulate aggregate demand by changing the taxation and public spending. Taxation includes income tax and progressive taxation.
Income tax is set on personal income and profit firms.
In a progressive tax rate of taxation increases with the taxable income. A feature of this tax is that it is very significantly reduces income inequality. But people can also save part of their income without paying tax, this amount is called the personal allowance.
If the economy is in need of stabilization, the government can change the size of the personal benefits or change the percentage of revenues, resulting in growth or, conversely, slowing the economy bounces back.
Now consider public spending as a component of fiscal policy. Multiplier effect completely gives an idea of the public expenditure. Initial investments generate growth in national income, as only partially go to savings, some will be spent, so that there will be a new growth of national income, but again because of the smaller-delayed savings and so on.
Here is an example which demonstrates the multiplier:
For example, residents of the country in average of 10 earned rubles spent on personal expenses 8, and 2 put in the bank. Their marginal propensity to save is equal to 2/10 = 0.2.
At the rubles that residents put in the bank, the bank can issue loans. Sberezhёnnye money again come back into circulation. People who have received bank loans, spend them on your own, which means that shop assistants are paid, equal to the amount of the loan granted. Sellers of the 10 newly-earned rubles spend 8, saving 2. Then it all around.
It is not running a multiplier effect in countries where the economy is very weak. The multiplier is no longer valid when the whole is equal to the increase in national income savings, as well as in conditions of full employment of all economic resources, so as to expand production need free economic resources.

Результаты (английский) 3:

On 24 October 1929 in the United States there have been acute collapse stock market, known as the "black thursday" and became the Great Depression.The Great Depression had given rise to the desire of the government to manage the transition. It is to say that the industry economy,Which is studying the behavior throughout the economy, and provides sustained economic growth and full employment resources and minimize the rate of inflation is called a macro. Let's take a look at two mechanism,To ensure that country above.
the first mechanism is the fiscal policy.This mechanism is intended to regulate aggregate demand through changes taxation and public expenditure. Taxation includes the income tax and progressive taxation.
Income tax is installed on the income of individuals and firms to profit.
IN THE progressive income tax rate taxation is increasing, along with the increased taxable income.The Special feature of such a tax is that it is very significantly reduces inequalities in income. But also people can save part of their income, are not paying tax,This amount is known as a personal allowance.
if the economy needs to be stabilized, the government may change the size personal allowance or to change the percentage of the income, resulting in an increase or, vice versa,The slowdown in the economy is a norm.
now will consider public expenditure, as well as constituting fiscal policy. The multiplier effect is fully gives an idea of the public expenditure.The initial investment that creates growth in national income, since that was the only partially go to conserve, part will be swallowed up, resulting in a new growth will occur national income,But once again a smaller because of the discontinuities savings and so on.
let's look at an example that demonstrates the multiplier effect:
For example, residents of the country with an average of 10 earned rubles spent on personal expenses 8,And the 2 grenades in the bank. Limit their propensity to save is 2/10 = 0.2 .
the ruble, which the inhabitants igniting in the bank, the Bank may issue a credit. Apply these savings money returning to the revolution. People,Who have been in the bank credit, spend their at their discretion, and this means that sellers in stores receive income, equal to the sum of loan agreement. Sellers once again of the 10 earned rubles spent 8, saving 2.Beyond all the circle.
does not work at a multiplier effect in the countries, where the economy is very weak. The gearbox is no longer in effect, when the entire national income equals increases savings,As well as in conditions of full employment for all economic resources, so as to increase the production need hands-free economic resources.