Для 19 века характерно бурное разви

Для 19 века характерно бурное развитие промышленности, техники и естествознания. В соответствии с запросами общественного развития Философия Нового времени решала проблемы гносиологии, а главным образом проблема метода познания. В зависимости от решения этой проблемы философы разделились на эмпириков и рационалистов.

Рационалисты считали, что новые знания приобретаются не в чувственном познании, а через познание , которое основано на абстрактном логическом мышлении. Основоположником рационалистического направления в философии Нового времени был французский философ Рене Декарт. Основные его взгляды изложены в работах «Рассуждение о методе», «Метафизические рассуждения»,»Начала философии». Характерной особенностью философского мировоззрения Декарта является дуализм. Он допускал существование двух независимых друг от друга субстанций – материальной и духовной. Основным свойством материальной субстанции является протяженность, а духовной –мышление. Материальную субстанцию Декарт отождествлял с природой, считал, что все в природе подчиняется сугубо механическим законам, которые могут быть открыты с помощью механики. В свое учении о познании Декарт исходит из того, что достижение истины невозможно без сомнения, человеку необходимо хотя бы раз усомнится во всех вещах насколько это возможно.

Согласно Спинозе все в мире управляется абсолютной необходимостью. Нет таких вещей как свобода веры в духовной сфере или случайности в физическом мире. Такие события как смерть, болезнь, войны не являются злом, так как они не нарушают мир , как целое.

В этике Спинозы добро - есть то, что способствует сохранению целостности мира. Спиноза считает, что надежда и страх есть проявление не адекватного понимания человеком действительности, они свидетельствуют о его зависимости от обстоятельств.

Спиноза считает, что время не существует в реальном, душа представляет вещи по внушению разума.

Результаты (английский) 1:

For the 19 century is characterized by the rapid development of industry, technology and science. In accordance with the demands of social development Philosophy of new time solved the problem of gnosiologii but mainly a problem of method of cognition. Depending on the decision of this problem the philosophers were divided into èmpirikov and rationalists. Rationalists believed that the new knowledge acquired not in sensuous cognition, and through knowledge, which is based on an abstract logical thinking. The founder of Rationalist directions in the philosophy of new time was the French philosopher René Descartes. Its basic views are set out in the work "discourse on method", "Metaphysical reasoning", "beginning of philosophy". A characteristic feature of the philosophical worldview of Descartes dualism. He allowed the existence of two independent from each other substances-material and spiritual. The main property of a material substance is length, and spiritual-thinking. Material substance Descartes identified with nature, believed that everything in nature obeys strictly mechanical laws that can be opened with the help of mechanics. In their study of the cognition of Descartes believes that the attainment of truth is impossible without a doubt, a person must at least once to question all things as possible. According to Spinoze everything in the world is controlled by absolute necessity. There are no such things as freedom of belief in the spiritual realm or randomness in the physical world. Events such as death, disease, wars are not evil, as they do not violate the world as a whole. In the ethics of Spinoza welcome-there is something that contributes to the preservation of the integrity of the world. Spinoza believes that hope and fear is the manifestation of an adequate understanding of man not reality, they suggest it depending on the circumstances. Spinoza believes that there is no real soul presents things in a suggestible mind.

Результаты (английский) 2:

For the 19th century is characterized by the rapid development of industry, technology and science. In accordance with the demands of social development of modern philosophy gnosiologii solve problems, but mainly a problem of the method of knowledge. Depending on the solution to this problem philosophers are divided on the empiricists and rationalists. Rationalists believed that new knowledge is acquired not in the sense of knowledge, and through knowledge, which is based on an abstract logical thinking. The founder of the rationalist trend in modern philosophy was the French philosopher Rene Descartes. Its main sights are set out in the work "Discourse on Method," "Metaphysical reasoning", "Principles of Philosophy". A characteristic feature of Descartes's philosophical outlook is dualism. He admitted the existence of two independent substances - material and spiritual. The main property is the length of material substance and spiritual -myshlenie. Material substance Descartes identified with nature, believed that everything in nature is subject to purely mechanical laws, which can be opened with the help of mechanics. In his theory of knowledge Descartes comes from the fact that the attainment of truth is impossible without a doubt, a person needs at least once doubt in all things as much as possible. According to Spinoza everything in the world is controlled by an absolute necessity. There is no such thing as freedom of faith in the spiritual realm or randomness in the physical world. Events such as death, illness, wars are not evil, as they do not disturb the peace as a whole. In Spinoza's ethics is good - there is something that helps to preserve the integrity of the world. Spinoza believed that hope and fear is a manifestation not an adequate understanding of human reality, they show it appropriate. Spinoza believes that there is no real soul is things in the counsels of reason.

Результаты (английский) 3:

for the 19th century characterized by the rapid development of industry, technology and science. in accordance with the needs of the social development of modern philosophy, the problem of гносиологии,and mainly the method of education. depending on the decision of this problem are divided into эмпириков and рационалистов.

рационалисты felt that new knowledge is acquired in the sensitive faced cognitionand through the experience, which is based on the abstract logical thinking. founder of the рационалистического trends in philosophy, french philosopher rene descartes was a new time.the main views are described in the works of "discourse on method, the" metaphysical рассуждения», »начала philosophy. the characteristic of philosophical worldview of descartes is dualism.he made the existence of two distinct substances, material and spiritual. the main feature of the substance is the material and spiritual –мышление.material substance descartes identified with nature, he thought that everything in nature is a purely mechanical laws which may be opened by the mechanics.in the course of cognition descartes believes that the truth is impossible without a doubt, the person must be at least one doubts all things as far as possible.

according to спинозе everything in the world is an absolute necessity. there's no such thing as freedom of belief in the spiritual field or randomness in the physical world. events such as death, illness, war is not badas they didn't break the world as a whole.

in the ethics of spinoza and is what contributes to the preservation of the integrity of the world. spinoza thinksthat hope and fear is not an adequate understanding of human reality, they indicate its appropriate.

spinoza thinks that time doesn't exist in the real.the soul is the thing; understanding.