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Geography
Geography - a single set of sciences studying the geographical envelope of the Earth and is focused on the identification of spatio-temporal patterns.
Map - image of a model of the earth's surface containing the grid with conventional signs on the plane in a reduced form. Map - a built in map projection, reduced, generalized image of the surface of the Earth or other celestial body extraterrestrial space, showing the location of her objects or phenomena in a certain system of symbols. The maps are divided into the following categories: According to the territorial coverage of the world map, maps of continents, countries and regions Cards In scale , large-scale (ranging 1: 200000 and larger); medium-sized (1: 200,000 and 1: 1,000,000, inclusive), the small-scale (smaller than 1: 1,000,000). By appointment scientific background - designed to perform research and obtain the fullest possible information, cultural and educational - designed to promote the knowledge, ideas, education - are used as visual aids for the study of geography, history, geology and other disciplines; technical - display objects and the conditions necessary for the solution of any technical jobs; hiking - may include: settlements, landmarks, attractions, travel routes, destinations, overnight stays and other services, depending on the destination type of tourism; navigation (traffic), and others. The content of general geographic (physical) card - represent all geographic phenomena, including topography, hydrography, Plant-soil cover, settlements, economic facilities, communication, boundaries, and so on. d. general geographic large-scale maps, which show objects area, called topographic, medium-sized general geographic maps - City-topography and small-scale general geographic maps - visibility. Thematic maps - show the location, relationships and dynamics of natural phenomena, population, economy, social sphere. They can be divided into two groups: natural phenomena maps and maps of social phenomena. Maps of natural phenomena encompass all components of the environment, and combinations thereof. This group includes maps geological, geophysical, bump maps of the Earth's surface and the bottom of the oceans, weather and climate, oceanographic, botanical, hydrological, soil, minerals maps, maps physiographic landscapes and physiographic zoning and so on. D. Social -policy maps include maps of population, economic, political, historical, social, geographical, and each of the subcategories, in turn, may contain its own structure of separation. Thus, economic maps also include card industry (both general and sectoral), agriculture, fishing industry, transport and communications. Mapping By creating cartographic section deals with cartography cartography. Mapping is performed using a map projection - the method of transition from the real, geometrically complex surface to the earth plane of the card. To do this, first go to the mathematically correct shape of an ellipsoid or a bullet, and then project the image onto the plane with the help of mathematical relationships. Thus use various support surfaces: a cylinder, a cone, a plane. At the same time, it has now become almost standard layout of the compass: north at the top and bottom, respectively, south, west, and east to the left to the right, with respect to the beholder. Cylindrical projections are used for maps of the world - a model of the Earth mentally placed in the cylinder and projected onto its walls the earth's surface. When deploying the cylinder formed by a flat image. Parallels and meridians in the projections correspond to straight lines, conducted at an angle. With a cylindrical design line of least distortion is the equator. Conic projections are often used to image Eurasia, Asia and the world. To create a projection of the one or more cones mentally is placed on the model of the Earth, and they carry all the points of the earth's surface. Meridians in such projections are straight lines that go from one point (the pole), and parallels - arcs of concentric circles. For image maps of individual continents and oceans use azimuthal projection onto a plane in which the design surface of the continent. Point of zero distortion is the point of tangency of the plane to the surface, the maximum distortion have a peripheral part of the map. Direct parallels in the azimuthal (point of contact - pole) are represented by concentric circles, and meridians - lines (rays). In azimuthal projection mapped Antarctica and the polar regions. In cross-azimuthal projection (the point of contact - at the equator) a map of the hemispheres, which correspond to the meridians and parallels curves, with the exception of the equator and secondary meridians hemispheres. For images of individual continents common ground in their chosen center (map of Africa, Australia and America). In modern conditions map projections are also constructed with the help of mathematical calculations without the support surfaces; they are called conditional projections. Distortion cards on any geographical ka
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