Из лекций доктора биологических нау

Из лекций доктора биологических наук Андрея Юрьевича Журавлева я узнал, как выглядили организмы, обитающие в до кембрийскую эпоху, которые уже тогда, имели скелет. Про одного жителя докембрия я и расскажу. Вообще, докембрием принято называть интервал существования Земли примерно между 3.9 млрд лет и 543 млн лет назад. Исследователи прошлого века считали, что в докембрии нет скелетной формы жизни, однако предполагали, что есть бактерии, которые образовали строматолиты и, возможно, некоторые одноклеточные организмы. Но, в то же время начинали появляться исследователи, которые упрямо не хотели соглашаться на то, что в этот период не было скелетной формы жизни, тех геологов и палеонтологов, которые упрямо продолжали поиски более продвинутой жизни в унылых нагромождениях докембрийских отложений, за глаза, а нередко и в глаза называли сумасшедшими.
К середине 80 годов прошлого века а именно в 1972 г. южноафриканский геолог Герард Гермс описал из Намибии сантиметровые известковые трубочки, названные в честь американского пионера докембрийской палеонтологии Престона Клауда клаудинами.
К началу 90-х годов прошлого века клаудин стали находить повсеместно, а точнее, любые известковые трубочки из вендских карбонатов относили к клаудинам, Встречались они исключительно в пограничных докембрийско-кембрийских слоях. В середине 90-х годов военно-политические столкновения в Намибии практически прекратились, и в эту южноафриканскую страну потянулись многочисленные отряды геологов и палеонтологов. Это позволило расширить базу находок и помогло лучше понять строение клаудин. Кроме того выяснилось, что по крайней мере морские бассейны, располагавшиеся в конце докембрия на территории нынешней пустыни Намиб, были густо населены не только мягкотелой венд-эдиакарской биотой, но и разнообразными скелетными организмами. Модульные кораллоподобные существа возводили там древнейшие в мире рифы, перехватив ведущую роль докембрийских рифостроителей у бактерий. Аэрофотосъемка выявила довольно внушительные масштабы докембрийского рифостроения. В свое время они возвышались над дном, где накапливались терригенные осадки, населенные типичными венд-эдиакарскими организмами. Именно в рифовую экосистему входили и клаудины, а также другие скелетные существа - намакалатусы (от Намибии и греч. kalatus - сосуд с узким основанием).
Теперь про то, как выглядили эти самые клаудины. Они имеют вид членистой трубки, состоящий из вложенных друг в друга воронок, причем вложенных без особого порядка, эксцентрично, так, что наружная стенка каждой последующей воронки одним из краев соприкасается с внутренней стенкой предыдущей. Скелет был довольно примитивен и нарастал периодически. Иногда трубочка раздваивается - значит, существо образовывало небольшие колонии за счет продольного деления. Состав скелета несомненно был кальцитовый, но с высоким содержанием магния, поскольку на его поверхности в результате посмертных преобразований нарастали мельчайшие кристаллики доломита, сам скелет около них растворялся.
После того, как исследовали клаудию и намакалатусов учёные смогли доказать, что в докембрии и особенно в кембрии могли быть скелетные формы жизни.

Результаты (английский) 1:

Lectures of doctor of biological sciences Andrey Yuryevich Zhuravleva I learned how organisms were prior to the kembrijskuju era, which already had a skeleton. About one inhabitant dokembriya I tell you. Generally, dokembriem is usually called an interval of existence Earth between approximately 3.9 billion years and 543 million years ago. Researchers of the last century believed that Precambrian no skeletal life forms, however, assumed that there are bacteria that formed the stromatolites and perhaps some unicellular organisms. But, at the same time started to appear, researchers who obstinately did not want to accept the fact that during this period there was no skeletal life forms, those geologists and paleontologists, who obstinately continued to search for more advanced life in the bleak nagromozhdenijah Precambrian sediments, for eyes, and often in the eye called crazy. By the middle of the 80 years of the last century, namely in 1972 g. South African geologist Gerard Germs described from Namibia centimetric calcareous tubes, named after American pioneer of Precambrian paleontology Preston Cloud klaudinami.By the beginning of the 90-ies of the last century began to find Claudine everywhere, and more specifically any lime tubules of vendskih carbonates was brought to klaudinam, they Met exclusively in border dokembrijsko-Cambrian strata. In the mid 90-ies of the politico-military clashes in Namibia virtually ceased, and in this southern African country pulled numerous squads of geologists and paleontologists. This made it possible to broaden the base of finds and helped to better understand the structure of Claudine. In addition, it emerged that at least Ocean swimming pools, located at the end of the Precambrian in the Namib desert, were densely inhabited not only mjagkoteloj Wend-jediakarskoj biota, but various skeletal organisms. Modular korallopodobnye creatures erected there ancient reefs in the world, catching the leading role of Precambrian rifostroitelej bacteria. Aerial photography has revealed a rather impressive extent of Precambrian rifostroenija. At one time they towered above the bottom, where the accumulated terrigenous sediments inhabited by typical Wend-jediakarskimi organisms. It is in the ecosystem of the reef whitetip included Claudina, and other skeletal creatures-namakalatusy (from Namibia and Greek kalatus-jar with a narrow base).Now, how were these same Claudina. They have the appearance of chlenistoj tubes, consisting of nested craters, with nested without much comment, eccentric, so that the outer wall of every subsequent drains one of the edges in contact with the inner wall of the previous one. The skeleton was rather primitive and louder periodically. Sometimes the tube forks-mean creature formed small colonies at the expense of longitudinal Division. Composition of the skeleton certainly was calcite, but high in magnesium, because on its surface as a result of postmortem change rose tiny crystals of dolomite, himself a skeleton beside them was disappearing.After having researched and scientists were able to namakalatusov Claudia prove that the Precambrian and Cambrian may be especially skeletal life forms.

Результаты (английский) 2:

From lectures Dr.Sci.Biol Andrei Yurevich Zhuravlev I learned how to look organisms living in the Precambrian era, which already had a skeleton. About one inhabitant of the Precambrian and I'll tell you. In general, it called the Precambrian interval between the existence of the Earth around 3.9 billion years and 543 million years ago. Researchers of the last century believed that in the Precambrian no skeletal forms of life, but it is assumed that there is bacteria that formed stromatolites and maybe some single-celled organisms. But, at the same time began to appear researchers who stubbornly did not want to accept the fact that in this period there was no skeletal forms of life, the geologists and paleontologists, who stubbornly continued to search for more advanced life in the bleak jumble of Precambrian deposits behind the eyes, and often in the eye called crazy.
By the mid-80s of the last century, namely in 1972, the South African geologist Gerard Germs described from Namibia centimeter calcareous tubes, named in honor of the American pioneer Precambrian paleontology Preston Cloud Claudine.
By the early 90-ies of the last century, Claudine They began to find everywhere, or rather, any calcareous tubes of Vendian carbonates attributed to Claudine, they met only in Precambrian-Cambrian boundary layers. In the mid 90-ies of the military and political clashes in Namibia virtually ceased, and in this southern African country reached many groups of geologists and paleontologists. It is possible to expand the base of findings and helped to better understand the structure of Claudine. In addition it was found out that at least the sea basins were located at the end of the Precambrian in what is now the Namib Desert, was densely populated, not only spineless vend-Ediacaran biota, but also a variety of skeletal organisms. Modular coral-being erected there in the world of ancient reefs, taking over the lead role of Precambrian reef-builders in bacteria. Aerial photography has revealed a rather impressive scale of the Precambrian rifostroeniya. At one time they towered above the bottom, where the accumulated clastic sediments inhabited typical vend-Ediacaran organisms. It is in the reef ecosystem and Claudine were, as well as other skeletal creatures - namacalathus (from Namibia and Greek kalatus -. Jar with a narrow base).
Now about how looks the most Claudine. They have the form of jointed pipe, consisting of nested funnels being nested in no particular order, eccentrically, so that the outer wall of each subsequent one of the edges of the funnel is in contact with the inner wall of the previous one. The skeleton was rather primitive and accrued periodically. Sometimes tubule forks - means being formed a small colony by longitudinal division. The composition of the skeleton was undoubtedly calcite, but with a high content of magnesium, because on the surface as a result of post-mortem changes grew tiny crystals of dolomite, himself a skeleton around them dissolved.
After investigated Claudio namacalathus scientists were able to prove that in the Precambrian, and especially in the Cambrian skeletal could be life forms.

Результаты (английский) 3:

lecture of doctor of biological sciences andrew юрьевича журавлева i found what looked organisms living in the кембрийскую era, which already had a skeleton. one resident докембрия i tell you. actually, докембрием called interval of the earth approximately between 3.9 billion years and 543 million years ago. the last century, the researchers felt that докембрии no skeletal form of life, however, assumed that there are bacteria that formed the stromatolite and, possibly, some single celled organisms. but, at the same time, researchers started to appear that they didn't want to accept that, in this period, there were no skeletal form of life, the geologists and палеонтологов who stubbornly continued to search for a more advanced life in cookie cutter heaps of докембрийских sediment in the eyes and in the eyes, often called crazy.by the middle of the last century, 80 years and in 1972. the south african geologist gerard гермс described from namibia 12 penny calcareous tubes, named in honor of the american pioneer докембрийской paleontology preston cloud клаудинами.by the beginning of the 1990s the claudin became to find everywhere, in fact, any calcareous tubes of carbonates considered to be клаудинам, they met only in the border докембрийско - кембрийских layers. in the mid 1990s, political and military clashes in namibia has virtually stopped, and in the southern african country for numerous groups of geologists and палеонтологов. it would broaden the base of finds and helps to better understand the structure of claudin. in addition, we found that at least the sea basins, располагавшиеся after докембрия in territory of present the namib desert, were densely populated not only soft wend - эдиакарской biota, but also a variety of скелетными organisms. modular кораллоподобные creature who is the oldest in the world, reefs, intercept the lead докембрийских рифостроителей from bacteria. aerial photography has revealed quite big scale докембрийского рифостроения. in time they towered above the bottom, where the accumulation of терригенные sediments inhabited by typical wend - эдиакарскими organisms. in рифовую ecosystem included and клаудины, as well as other skeletal creatures - намакалатусы (from namibia and project. kalatus is a vessel with a narrow ground).now about how looked the same клаудины. they have a kind of членистой tubes consisting of nested in each other craters, and invested in no particular order, eccentric, so that the outer wall of each subsequent vortex is one of the edge comes in contact with the internal wall of the previous. the skeleton was quite primitive and нарастал periodically. sometimes the flake bifurcated so creatures