В предмет криминологии в качестве е

В предмет криминологии в качестве его составляющей входит личность преступника.

Дискуссии вокруг понятия личности преступника в теории науки столь же, если не более, яростные, чем, скажем, дискуссии о причинах преступности. Можно, пожалуй, сказать, с известной долей допустимости, что и сама-то наука криминология начиналась с изучения личности преступника. Ниже в учебнике данная проблема будет рассмотрена подробнее. Здесь же необходимо подчеркнуть следующие принципиальные положения.

На заре развития криминологии ученые видели в преступнике тип личности, как бы выпадающий из человеческой популяции. Причем, одни видели в преступниках людей, отмеченных печатью Каина, в полном соответствии с распространенными теологическими концепциями. Другие, наблюдая жестокость многих преступников или приверженность их к занятию конкретным преступным промыслом, например кражами, стали искать причины этого в биологических особенностях людей. Такое представление, начавшись с учений френологов и получившее законченный вид в теориях Ломброзо и его последователей, в течение длительного времени было распространенным. Третьи конструировали специфические социальные типы преступников, отвергая биологический подход. Четвертые искали компромисс между социологическим и биологическим подходом к личности.

Нельзя при этом не отметить, что теория прирожденности преступников или предрасположенности человека к преступлениям легла в основу расистских и близких к ним теорий, породила произвол и беззаконие в практике.

Углубленное изучение проблемы привело многих ученых к тому, что понятие “личность преступника” было поставлено под сомнение и высказана идея о том, чтобы отказаться от нее, заменив более пространным, но более точным понятием личности людей, совершающих преступления.

Почему пришли к этому выводу? Потому, что понятие “личность преступника” предполагает какую-то заданность. Биологическую ли, социальную ли, но заданность. Между тем, любое преступление может совершить любой человек. Американские криминологи, например, говорят о том, что каждый американец хоть раз в жизни, но совершил преступление. Как же быть в таком случае с понятием “личность преступника”?

Когда френологи, а затем Ломброзо разрабатывали биологический тип преступника, измеряя его лоб и т. д., то они исходили из того, что преступников нужно искать в “низах” общества и что они “отмечены природой”. Венценосных убийц и насильников они не обмеряли. Как и те, кто стоял на позициях, что преступник есть социальный тип, а не биологический. В то же время они искали эти социальные типы в определенных слоях общества, стоящих на низших ступенях социальной лестницы. И те, и другие преуспели в доказательствах своей правоты с той лишь разницей, что биологизаторы говорили о преступности самой человеческой личности, а стоявшие на социальных позициях были гораздо гуманнее по отношению к человеку и “строже” к обществу, толкавшему людей на преступление.

Чем дальше и глубже шли исследования как самой преступности, так и тех, кто совершает преступление, тем больше у ученых имелось оснований для отказа от приверженности жестким зависимостям и жестким формулам типа “личность преступника”. Это понятие становилось все более широким и неопределенным. Если первоначально о “личности преступника”, находившегося на верхних ступенях общественной лестницы, не говорилось (во всяком случае в научных классификациях), то по мере углубления исследований появилась теория о преступниках “в белых воротничках” (Э. Сатерленд и Д. Кресси), что в общем-то подточило справедливость прежних теорий о заранее заданных социальных типах преступников, тем более биологических.

Ученые как будто состязались в стремлении забыть замечательное наблюдение О. Бальзака о том, что за каждым нажитым состоянием стоит преступление. Наконец, если исходить из того, что преступность – социально-правовое явление, то следует помнить, что понятие преступности изменчиво. То, что сегодня законодатель считает преступлением, завтра им может не быть. И наоборот. Что же, в этом случае “личность преступника” исчезнет или появится?

В учебнике термин “личность преступника” будет употребляться, но сказанное в этом разделе надо запомнить и иметь в виду, прежде всего потому, что понимание преступности становится глубже.

Классификация конкретных социальных типов преступников весьма важна. Ибо убийцы отличаются от воров, представляя собой специфический тип личности; мошенники – от “белых воротничков”, хотя последние могут применять методы мошенничества; расхитители имущества – от сексуальных насильников и т. д. Изучение типов личности тех, кто совершает преступления, требует разработки как общих, так и индивидуальных мер и методов предупреждения преступлений. Однако при всем этом следует иметь в виду временный характер нахождения в мундире личности преступника (иначе зачем говорить об исправлении и перевоспитании преступников, ибо стабильное их нахождение в этом звании исключает все вопросы о возвращении человека в ряды полезных членов общества). И если для уголовного права преступник тот, кто совершил деяние, содержащее все элементы состава преступления, и понес предусмотренное законом наказание, то для криминологии определение понятия “личность преступника”” куда как более сложная задача, ибо связана с отнесением человека к определенной, осуждаемой обществом страте1 этого же общества, с неизбежным вопросом: сколь долго такое состояние человека может продолжаться?

Биол

Результаты (английский) 1:

The subject of Criminology as its component includes the identity of the perpetrator.Discussions around the notion of the individual offender in science theory, equally if not more violent than, say, a discussion on the causes of crime. You can probably say with a known share of permissibility, the-the science of Criminology began with the study of the identity of the offender. Below is the tutorial this issue will be considered in detail. Here we must emphasize the following basic provisions.The early development of Criminology researchers saw in criminal personality type, how would drop down from the human population. Moreover, some seen in people identified offenders seal Cain, in full compliance with the common theological concepts. Others watching the brutality of many criminals or commitment to them to engage in specific criminal craft, such as theft, started looking for the reasons for this in biology people. This view began with the teachings of frenologov and received the finished look in the theories of Lombroso and his followers, for a long time was common. Still others have designed specific social types of criminals, rejecting a biological approach. Others have searched for a compromise between the sociological and biological approach to personality.It is impossible not to note that the theory of priroždennosti criminals or human predisposition to the crime became the basis of racist and close to them theories spawned arbitrariness and lawlessness in practice.An in-depth study of the problem led many scientists to ensure that the notion of "offender" was questioned and suggested to abandon it, replacing the longer but more precise notion of the identity of people who commit crimes.Why come to this conclusion? Because the term "offender" implies some kind of preconceived. Whether biological, social, but preconceived. Meanwhile, any crime can make any man. American criminologists, for example, suggests that every American at least once in their life, but committed a crime. How to be in this case with the term "offender"?When frenologi, and then develop offender phylum Lombroso, measuring his forehead, etc., they assumed that criminals need to look in the "bottoms" of society, and that they were "marked by nature". Crowned murderers and rapists, they do not obmerâli. As those who stood on the positions that the offender has a social type, not biological. At the same time they searched for those social types in certain segments of society facing lower social ladder. And those, and others succeeded in evidence his innocence with the only difference being that biologizatory talked about the crime itself, the human person and moving on social positions were much more humane toward man and "stricter" towards a society, tolkavšemu people on offense.The farther and deeper went the crime research and those who commit the crime, the more scientists, there were grounds for refusal from the commitment to hard dependencies and rigid formulas like "offender". This concept became increasingly broad and undefined. If the "perpetrator", operating on the upper rungs of the social ladder, not mentioned (at least in scientific classifications), deepening of research theory on criminals appeared "white collars" (e. Sutherland and d. Cressy) that in General podtočilo justice previous theories about predefined social types of criminals, especially biological.Scientists as if competed in an effort to forget a remarkable observation about. Balzac that each acquired condition worth crime. Finally, assuming that the crime-socio-legal phenomenon, it should be remembered that the concept of crime variable. The fact that today the legislator considers a crime tomorrow they may not be. And vice versa. Well, in this case, the "offender" to disappear or appear?In the tutorial, the term "offender" will be used, but said in this section it is necessary to remember and keep in mind, first of all, because understanding crime becomes deeper.Classification of specific social types of criminals is very important. Because killers differ from thieves, introducing a specific personality type; Scammers-from "white collar", although the latter can apply the techniques of fraud; plunderers of property ranging from rapists etc. Study of personality types of those who commit crimes, requires the development of both General and individual measures and techniques for the prevention of crime. But with all this, it should be borne in mind the temporary nature of being in uniform identity of the offender (why else talk about the reform and re-education of offenders for their stable finding in this rank excludes all questions about the return of the man in the ranks of the productive members of society). And if the offender in criminal law anyone who committed an act that contains all of the elements of crimes, and bore the statutory penalty, for Criminology definition of "offender", "much more difficult task, because it relates to the deductibility of a particular human, condemned the same society strate1 society, with the inevitable question: how long can this condition last?Biol

Результаты (английский) 2:

The subject of criminology as its component part of the identity of the perpetrator. The debate around the concept of offender in the theory of science is just as, if not more, violent than, say, the debate on the causes of crime. You can probably say with some degree of acceptability as a science itself began with the study of criminology offender. Later in the book, this problem will be discussed in detail. Here it is necessary to emphasize the following fundamental provisions. At the dawn of criminology researchers saw in the criminal type of person, like falling out of the human population. Moreover, some people saw criminals, marked Cain, in full accordance with the common theological concepts. Others, seeing the cruelty of many criminals and their commitment to engage in specific criminal craft, such as theft, began to look for the reasons for this in the biological characteristics of humans. Such a presentation, starting with the teachings phrenologists and get a complete view of the theories of Lombroso and his followers, for a long time it was common. Still others are designed specifically social types of criminals, rejecting the biological approach. Fourth seek a compromise between the sociological and biological approaches to personality. You can not at the same time be noted that the theory of natural-born criminals or human predisposition to crime was the basis of racist and similar theories spawned arbitrariness and lawlessness in practice. An in-depth study of the problem has led many scientists to the fact that the concept of "criminal personality" was questioned and expressed the idea to abandon it by replacing a lengthy, but more accurate notion of the individual people who commit crimes. Why come to this conclusion? Because the concept of "criminal personality" implies some kind of job. Whether biological, social Lee, but the task. Meanwhile, any crime can make anyone. American criminologists, for example, they say that every American at least once in life, but has committed a crime. How to be in this case with the concept of "criminal personality"? When phrenology and then Lombroso developed a biological type of offender, measuring his forehead, and so on. E., They proceeded from the fact that the perpetrators must be sought in the "lower classes" of society and that they are "marked by nature." Crowned murderers and rapists are not obmeryali. As well as those who stood on the positions that the offender is a social type and not biological. At the same time they were looking for these social types in certain sectors of society standing on the lower rungs of the social ladder. And those and others have succeeded in evidence of his innocence with the only difference that biologizatory talked about the crime of the human person, and standing on the social positions were much more humane to man and "more severe" to the society pushes people to commit a crime. The further and went deeper study of both the crime and those who commit the crime, the more scientists there was no reason for abandoning the commitment and hard rigid dependence formulas like "identity of the perpetrator." This concept is becoming increasingly broad and vague. If the original of the "criminal personality" are on the upper levels of the social ladder, do not say (at least in the scientific classification), that with the deepening of research came the theory of criminals "white-collar" (E. D. Sutherland and Cressey) that, in general, undermine the validity of previous theories on predetermined social types of criminals, especially biological. Scientists like competing in an effort to forget the remarkable observation of Balzac that every state is acquired by a crime. Finally, if we proceed from the fact that crime - social and legal phenomenon, it should be remembered that the concept of crime variable. The fact that today the legislator considers a crime, tomorrow they may not be. And vice versa. Well, in this case the "criminal personality" will disappear or appear? In the book, the term "criminal personality" will be used, but said in this section, it is necessary to remember and keep in mind, first of all, because the understanding of the crime becomes deeper. The classification of specific social types criminals is extremely important. For the killers differ from thieves, representing a specific type of personality; scammers - from the "white collar", although the latter can apply the methods of fraud; destroyers of property - from sexual predators, and so on. d. The study of personality types of those who commit crimes, requires the development of both general and individual measures and methods of crime prevention. However, all this should be borne in mind the temporary nature of being in uniform identity of the perpetrator (otherwise why should we talk about reform and re-offenders, for the stability of their presence in that position eliminates all questions about the return of a person to the ranks of useful members of society). And if the criminal law, the criminal who committed an act which contains all the elements of the offense, and carried a statutory penalty, for criminology definition of "criminal personality" "a much more difficult task, because the associated with such a person to a particular, condemned by society strate1 of the same society, the inevitable question: how long is the human condition can last? Biol

Результаты (английский) 3:

in the view of criminology as a component includes the identity of the killer.

discussion around the notion of the identity of the offender in the theory of science is equally, if not more violent than, say,discussion on the causes of crime. perhaps say, with a certain amount of admissibility, and it is the science of criminology started with a study of the criminal.below in the textbook this problem will be discussed in detail. there is a need to emphasize the fundamental situation.

at the dawn of the development of criminology scholars saw an type of personhow would the dropdown of the human population. and some see criminals people observed a cain, in full accordance with the common theological concepts. othersseeing the cruelty of many criminals or commitment to them in specific criminal activities such as theft, began to search for the reasons in the biological features of people. such a representation.starting with the exercises френологов and a finished appearance to the theories ломброзо and his followers, for a long time was common.the third design specific social types of criminals, and the biological approach. by looking for a compromise between the sociological and biological approach to personality.

not to mentionthe прирожденности criminals or disposition rights crimes underlying racist and close to them theories spawned the arbitrariness and corruption in practice.