1.2. International LegislationПосле

1.2. International Legislation

После распада СССР водные кодексы бывших союзных республик 1970 - 1972 гг. были признаны утратившими силу. Новые водные кодексы (или водные законы) разрабатывались, принимались, вступали в действие в довольно сложных общественных и экологических условиях. По этим и другим причинам новое водное законодательство имело свои недоработки. Например, в ряде законов не было перечня и определений основных понятий. Однако были и явные достоинства: более рельефное понимание такого важного термина, как "водный объект". Первой Водный кодекс приняла Армения (1992 г.), затем приняли свои кодексы Таджикистан (1993 г.), Казахстан (1993 г.), Молдова (1993 г.), Украина (1995 г.), Беларусь (1998 г.). В Узбекистане был принят Закон о воде и водопользовании (1993 г.), в Кыргызстане - Закон о воде (1994 г). Первыми по времени принимали свои законы государства с засушливым климатом и водным дефицитом. Это, видимо, продиктовано запросами водного хозяйства.
Нельзя сказать, что новое водное законодательство порвало с прежним правовым опытом и стало новаторским. Так, ввиду консервативности самого водного права были сохранены преимущественно государственная форма собственности на водный фонд, разрешительный характер водопользования. При этом законодатель исходил из понимания водных ресурсов как основы жизнедеятельности народов.
Не следует, однако, считать водные кодексы и законы государств Содружества идентичными друг другу: среди них есть и рыночные, и командно-административные. Приспособленный к государственной собственности на водный фонд Водный кодекс Казахстана 1993 г. искусственно разделяет водные объекты по ведомствам и не раскрывает финансового механизма водного хозяйства. В то же время водный закон Узбекистана 1993 г. допускал полную или частичную платность водопользования. В свою очередь, водный закон Кыргызстана с 1994 г. предусматривал платное водопользование, сброс загрязняющих веществ в водные и водохозяйственные объекты
См. подроб.: Кошматов В. Водное хозяйство Киргизской республики: управление, состояние, перспективы; Джалалов А. Правовая культура водопользования - традиция народов Средней Азии // Мелиорация и водное хозяйство. 2002. N 1. С. 16, 17, 24 - 27; Рябцев А.Д. Обеспечение водными ресурсами народов Казахстана // Мелиорация и водное хозяйство. 2002. N 3. С. 20, 21.
При всем многообразии водного законодательства стран СНГ следует выявить важную тенденцию правового развития: совмещение в единый природный объект разных природных сред (воды и земли, воды и недр, земли и леса). Это сказывается и в понятийном аппарате законов, включая понятие водного объекта как такового. ВК России и Украины 1995 г. определяли водный объект во многом аналогично. Вот как украинский законодатель раскрывает органическое единство воды и земли: "водный объект - сформированный природой или созданный искусственно объект ландшафта либо геологическая структура, где сосредоточиваются воды (река, озеро, море, водохранилище, канал, горизонт)".
Положения водного законодательства государств СНГ о праве собственности на водные объекты, о разрешительном характере и платности водопользования и, наконец, о структуре самих водных объектов касаются и земель, сопряженных с водными ресурсами и водным хозяйством.
В проекте модельного земельного кодекса для государств - участников СНГ предусматривалось несколько категорий земель, включая и земли водного фонда. Но подробной регламентации этот проект не содержит, предоставляя известный простор для правотворчества стран - участниц СНГ. Такой подход вполне оправдан, так как каждая сторона имеет особенности не только экономических, но и природных условий, учет которых абсолютно необходим для установления эффективного правового режима земель вообще и земель водного фонда в частности. Как уже отмечалось ранее, земельное законодательство стран СНГ вполне воспринимает правовой режим земель водного фонда в рамках деления на категории. Например, Земельный кодекс Республики Молдова 1991 г., учитываемый при разработке модельного земельного кодекса, также предусматривает рассматриваемую категорию. Международное право играет важную роль в решении водных проблем, возникающих в мире. Рост населения, разработка природных ресурсов, индустриальное развитие, истощение водных запасов на национальном и региональном уровнях приводит к тому, что водные ресурсы быстро становятся еще более ценным природным ресурсом, чем нефть. На всевозрастающий дефицит воды указывает тот факт, что примерно 300 млн. человек в 26 странах страдают от недостатка воды. По данным П. Уотерс, "можно заметить элементы надвигающегося "глобального водного кризиса" [1, с.4]. Эти процессы заставляют государства развивать международное сотрудничество в области использования и охраны трансграничных водных объектов и их водных ресурсов. В сентябре 2002 г. на Всемирном саммите по устойчивому развитию в Йоханнесбурге Европейский Союз (ЕС) официально объявил о начале осуществления Глобальной водной инициативы: "Вода для жизни - здоровье, благополучие, экономическое развитие и безопасность". Совет Европейского Союза полностью одобрил эту инициативу, она пользуется политической поддержкой со стороны Европейской Комиссии и 15 стран - членов ЕС. Политическая поддержка инициативы подкрепляется обязательствами по достижению ключевых целевых показателей, связанных с водой, и ЕС подтверждает обязательства внести свой вклад с тем, чтобы обеспечить: к 2015 г. - сокращение вдвое доли населения, не имеющего доступа к безопасной питьевой воде и адекватной канал

Результаты (английский) 1:

1.2. International LegislationAfter the collapse of the Soviet Union water codes of former Union republics 1970-1972 Gg. were abrogated. New water codes (or water laws) have been developed, adopted, entered into action in complex social and environmental conditions. For these and other reasons, the new water legislation had its drawbacks. For example, a number of laws had no list and definitions of the main concepts. However, there were clear advantages: more relief understanding this important term as "water body". First the water code adopted the Armenia (1992), and then adopted their codes of Tajikistan (1993), Kazakhstan (1993), Moldova (1993), Ukraine (1995), Belarus (1998). In Uzbekistan was adopted the law on water and water use (1993), in Kyrgyzstan-water law (1994). The first time took their state laws with the arid climate and water shortage. This apparently dictated by water management requests.It cannot be said that the new water law break with previous legal experience and become innovative. So, given the conservative water law were retained primarily State ownership on the water fund, the permissive nature of water. In so doing, the legislator has assumed understanding of water resources as a basis of vital activity of the peoples.It should not, however, consider water codes and laws of the States of the Commonwealth are identical to each other: among them there is a market, and command-and-control. Adapted to State ownership of water fund water code of Kazakhstan 1993 g. artificially divides the water objects by area and does not disclose financial mechanism of water resources. At the same time, the water law of Uzbekistan, 1993. allowed full or partial paid water use. In turn, the water law of Kyrgyzstan with 1994, envisioned chargeable water use, discharge of pollutants to water and water management objectsSee <1>. detail: Koshmatov b. water management of the Kyrgyz Republic: management, status, prospects; A. jalalov water legal culture-tradition of the people of Central Asia//reclamation and water economy. 2002 N 1. C. 16, 17, 24-27; Ryabtsev a.d. Ensuring water resources of the peoples of Kazakhstan//reclamation and water economy. 2002. N 3. S. 20, 21.With all the variety of water legislation of the CIS countries should identify the important trend of legal development: combining into a single natural object of different natural environments (such as water and land, water and mineral resources, land and forests). This affects the ocular apparatus of laws, including the concept of the water body itself. VC in Russia and Ukraine, 1995. determine the water object in much the same way. Here's how Ukrainian lawmaker Unveils organic unity of Earth and water: water-formed object nature or artificially created an object of the landscape or geological structure, where concentrate water (River, Lake, sea, Lake, channel horizon).Provision of water legislation of the CIS States on the right of ownership of water objects of the enabling nature of and payment for water use and, finally, on the structure of water objects themselves relate and lands associated with water resources management and water management.The draft land code model for the States-participants of CIS provided several categories of lands, including land and water fund. But the detailed regulation of this project does not contain, providing space for law-making known of the CIS countries. This approach is quite justified, because each side has features not only economic, but also the natural environment, which is absolutely essential for an efficient legal regime of land altogether and lands of water fund in particular. As mentioned earlier, land legislation of CIS countries quite perceive the legal regime of the lands of water fund within the Division into categories. For example, the land code of the Republic of Moldova 1991, reflected in the elaboration of the model of the land code also provides for the subject of the category. International law plays an important role in the solution of water problems arising in the world. Population growth, natural resource development, industrial development, depletion of water reserves at the national and regional levels leads to the fact that water resources are rapidly becoming even more valuable natural resource than oil. The growing shortage of water indicates the fact that approximately 300 million. people in 26 countries are affected by shortage of water. According to p. Waters, "you can see elements of an impending" global water crisis "[1, s. 4]. These processes are forcing States to promote international cooperation in the sphere of use and protection of transboundary waters and their water resources. In September 2002 at the World Summit on sustainable development in Johannesburg, the European Union (EU) officially launched the global water initiative: water for life-health, livelihoods, economic development and security ". The Council of the European Union fully endorsed the initiative, she enjoys political support from the European Commission and the 15 EU member countries. Political support for the initiative is reinforced by commitments to achieving key targets related to water, and the EU reaffirms commitment to contribute to ensure: to 2015, halving the proportion of people without access to safe drinking water and adequate feed

Результаты (английский) 2:

12. International Legislation After the collapse of the Soviet Union the water codes of the former Soviet republics 1970 - 1972 years. They were invalidated. New codes of water (or water laws) to develop, adopt, come into play in a rather complex social and environmental conditions. For these and other reasons, the new water legislation had its flaws. For example, a number of laws was not a list and definitions of basic concepts. However, there were obvious advantages: a relief of understanding of such important terms as "water body". First adopted Water Code of Armenia (1992), and then took their codes of Tajikistan (1993), Kazakhstan (1993), Moldova (1993), Ukraine (1995) Belarus (1998). Uzbekistan adopted the Law on Water and Water (1993), in Kyrgyzstan - Water Act (1994). The first time took on their state laws arid and water scarcity. This, apparently, is dictated by the demands of water management. We can not say that the new water law has broken with the previous legal experience and become innovative. So, because of the conservatism of the water rights were preserved predominantly state ownership in the water fund, permissive water. At the same time the legislator proceeded from the understanding of water resources as the basis of life of the peoples. It should not, however, consider the Water Code and the laws of the Commonwealth identical to each other, there are also market-based and command-and-control. Adjusted for state ownership of water fund of the Water Code of Kazakhstan in 1993 artificially divides the water bodies of departments and did not disclose the financial mechanism of the water industry. At the same time, Uzbekistan's water law in 1993 allowed full or partial payment for water use. In turn, the water law in Kyrgyzstan since 1994, provided for paid water use, discharge of pollutants into water and water facilities of <1> See. ADVANCED .: Koshmatov B. Kyrgyz Republic Water Management: management, status and prospects; A. Legal Jalalov water culture - a tradition of the peoples of Central Asia // Irrigation and Water Management. 2002. N 1. S. 16, 17, 24 - 27; AD Ryabtsev Providing water Peoples of Kazakhstan // Irrigation and Water Management. 2002. N 3. S. 20, 21. With all the variety of water legislation of the CIS countries should identify the important legal development trend: the combination of a single natural object of different natural environments (water and land, water and mineral resources, land and forest). This is also evident in the conceptual framework of laws, including the concept of the water body itself. VC Russia and Ukraine in 1995 was determined by the water body in much the same. This is how the Ukrainian legislator reveals the organic unity of land and water, "the water body - formed by nature or artificially created entity landscape or geological structure where the focus of water (river, lake, sea, pond, canal, horizon)." The provisions of the water legislation of the CIS countries on the ownership of the water bodies of the permissive nature of and payment for water use and, finally, the structure itself of water bodies concerned and the land associated with water resources management and water management. The draft of the model Land Code for the states - participants of the CIS provides several categories of land, including water fund lands. But the detailed regulation of this project does not include providing space for a well-known law-making countries - participants of the CIS. Such an approach is justified, since each party has the characteristics of not only economic but also environmental conditions, taking into account that is absolutely necessary to establish an effective legal regime of the land in general and water fund lands in particular. As previously mentioned, the land legislation of the CIS countries it is perceived legal regime of lands of water fund within the categorization. For example, the Land Code of the Republic of Moldova in 1991, takes into account the development of the model Land Code also provides for the category in question. International law plays an important role in solving water problems in the world. Population growth, resource development, industrial development, the depletion of water resources at national and regional levels, leading to the fact that water resources are rapidly becoming even more valuable natural resource than oil. In the ever-increasing shortage of water indicated by the fact that approximately 300 million. People in 26 countries suffer from water scarcity. According to P. Waters, "you will notice the elements of an impending" global water crisis "[1, p.4]. These processes cause the state to promote international cooperation in the use and protection of transboundary water objects and water resources. In September 2002, World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg, the European Union (EU) formally launched the global Water Initiative: "Water for Life - Health, livelihoods, economic development and security." The European Council fully endorsed this initiative and it carries political support from the European Commission and 15 countries - members of the EU. Political support for the initiative is reinforced by commitments to achieve key targets related to water, and the EU reaffirms commitment to contribute in order to ensure that: by 2015 - halving the proportion of people without access to safe drinking water and adequate channel

Результаты (английский) 3:

1.2. international legislation

after the collapse of the soviet union water codes of the republics of the former soviet union 1970 - 1972). were found to be null. new water codes (or water laws are developed.they act in a complex social and environmental conditions. for these and other reasons, the new water law has its shortcomings. for example,a number of laws were not the list and definitions of key concepts. however, there were obvious advantages: more vivid understanding of such an important term, as "the object". the first water code adopted in armenia (1992)then took their codes of tajikistan (1993), kazakhstan (1993), moldova (1993), ukraine (1995), belarus (1998). uzbekistan has adopted the law on water and water management (1993) in kyrgyzstan, the water act (1994).the first time take their laws of the state of dry climate and water shortage. this, apparently, is driven by the demands of water. - you can't tell methe new water law, tore the previous legal experience and become innovative. so,due to conservativeness, the water rights were retained predominantly state ownership in the fund, the authorisation of the use of water.with the principle of understanding the water resources as the foundation of peoples.
should not, however, consider water codes and laws of the commonwealth to be identical to each other.among them is the market, and command and control. corresponding to the state ownership of water the water code of kazakhstan, 1993.artificially separates the water facilities, departments and shall not disclose the financial mechanism for water management. at the same time, the water act of 1993. made a full or partial платность water.in turn, the water law of kyrgyzstan since 1994. for commercial use, the discharge of pollutants in water and water
< 1 >). detailed: кошматов in.water kyrgyz republic: management, status, prospects, джалалов as well. the legal culture tradition of peoples of central asia, water / land reclamation and water. 2002. n 1. with the. 16, 17, 24, 27, рябцев a.d.the water peoples of kazakhstan / / land reclamation and water. 2002. n 3. with the. 20, 21. - with all the diversity of water legislation in cis countries should identify the important trend of development.the combination of a natural object from natural environments (water and earth, water and mineral resources, land and forests). this affects both the понятийном the laws, including the concept of the object itself.with russia and ukraine, 1995. the water body were largely similar. that's how the legislator is organic unity of the water and the earth."the target is formed of the nature or the artificial object landscape or geological structure, where the focus of water (river, lake, reservoir, river, canal, horizon)".the provisions of the water law of cis states on the ownership of water, разрешительном nature and платности water and, finally, about the structure of the water bodies and land concern,of water resources and water management in the project of the land code.
for the cis member states for several categories of land, including land and water fund.but the draft does not contain detailed regulations, providing a space for law making the countries of the cis. this approach is justified.since each party has the characteristics of not only economic but also environmental conditionsaccounting which is essential to establishing an effective legal regime on land and land water facility in particular. as previously stated,land legislation of cis countries is the legal regime of land water fund under the division into categories. for example, the land code of the republic of moldova, 1991with the development of учитываемый land code also provides for the category. international law plays an important role in solving the water problems in the world. the growth of the populationthe development of natural resources, industrial development, the depletion of water supplies at the national and regional levels contributes to the fact that water resources is rapidly becoming more valuable natural resourcethan the oil. the increasing shortage of water indicates the fact that about 300 million. people in 26 countries suffer from lack of water. according to the p. waters"you can see elements of the looming global water crisis" (1, a).