1. The beginning of railway constru

1. The beginning of railway construction in Russia may be traced as far back as the second half of the XVIII century. Road building was closely connected with the development of mining industry.
2. Among the numerous works built in the Urals at that time, the most important and the best equipped ones were the Voskresensk Works. It was at those works that the first tram-ways in Russia were laid to link the mines and the works. K.D. Frolov, a highly qualified and talented engineer, took part in the construction of those industrial tracks.
3. The next very important step forward was use of cast-iron rails proposed by A.S. Yartsev, manager of the Petrozavodsk Works. In 1788, a 173.5m long track was constructed to meet the needs of the works.
4. In 1809, another line, using cast-iron rails, was laid in the Altai Mountains by R.K. Frolov, a son of K.D. Frolov. The line was 1 867 m long and its technical equipment was much superior to that of all railways built in Russia at that time. R.K. Frolov used elliptical rails and was the first engineer who applied the graphic method of timing train movement.
5. A very significant innovation, which promoted the development of Russian Railways, was the introduction of steam traction. The first steam-powered locomotive in our country was built by the Cherepanov’s, father and son, the most skilled and talented mechanics of their time. Thanks to their invention, the first railways in Russia, using steam traction was put in operation at the Nizhniy Tagil Metallurgical Plant in 1833. It was a short distance line covering only 854 m.
6. Some 4 years later, in October 1837, the first public railway St.Petersburg – Pavlovsk, was laid and opened to traffic. It was a 6 ft gauge line, 27 km long, built by Franz Anton Ritter von Gerstner. Locomotives were supplied by Stephenson and Hackworth Company, England.
7. The most significant event in the history of Russian Railways was the construction of the St.Petersburg - Moscow Railroad, 644 km long. The line was begun in 1843 and was 8 years under construction: it was opened to traffic in November 1851. It was the first railway in Russia to adopt a 5 ft. gauge (now the standard). The St.Petersburg – Moscow Railway was a first-class double track tine, which connected the largest industrial and cultural centers of the country. 185 bridges and 19 viaducts were built along the track to make it as straight and level as possible. P.P. Melnikov and N.O. Kraft, both prominent Russian engineers, were in charge of the construction.
8. After the end of the Crimean War in 1856, railway construction in Russia was developing very rapidly. Many new railroads were laid in the country. The first Asiatic line, in the Caucasus, more than 300 km long, was opened in 1872. The connection between the Black and the Caspian Seas had been completed by 1885, when the Trans-Caspian Railway was built. A really great event for the development of Russian economy was the beginning of the Trans-Siberian Railway.
9. By the end of the XIX century, more than 30,000 km of railway tracks had been laid across the vast Russian territory. By 1913, the railway network of the country included 25 state lines and 13 private tracks, belonging to different companies. Although the Russian Railway System was the largest in Europe, it was in¬adequate to the great territory and did not meet the growing demands of the country’s national economy.

Результаты (английский) 1:

1. The beginning of railway construction in Russia may be traced as far back as the second half of the 18TH century. Road building was closely connected with the development of mining industry. 2. Among the numerous works built in the Urals at that time, the most important and the best equipped ones were the Voskresensk Works. It was at those works that the first tram-ways in Russia were laid to link the mines and the works. K.d. Frolov, a highly qualified and talented engineer, took part in the construction of those industrial tracks. 3. The next very important step forward was the use of cast-iron rails proposed by A.S. Yartsev, manager of the Petrozavodsk Works. In 1788, a 173.5 m long track was constructed to meet the needs of the works. 4. In 1809, another line, using cast-iron rails, was laid in the Altai Mountains by R.K. Frolov, a son of K.D. Frolov. The line was 1 867 m long and its technical equipment was much superior to that of all the railways built in Russia at that time. R.k. Frolov used elliptical rails and was the first engineer who applied the graphic method of timing train movement.5. Весьма значительное нововведение, которое способствовало развитию российских железных дорог, было введение паровой тягой. Первый паровой локомотив в нашей стране был построен Черепанова, отец и сын, наиболее квалифицированных и талантливых механиков своего времени. Благодаря их изобретению, первых железных дорог в России, с использованием паровой тягой была введена в эксплуатацию в Нижнем Тагиле металлургическом комбинате в 1833 году было короткое расстояние покрытия линий только 854 м. 6. Некоторые 4 года спустя, в октябре 1837 года, первый публичный железнодорожный Санкт - Петербург - Павловск, был заложен и открыт для движения. Это была линия колеи 6 футов, длиной 27 км, построенный Франц Антон фон Герстнер Риттера. Локомотивы были поставлены Стефенсон и Hackworth Company, Англия. 7. Наиболее значительным событием в истории Российских железных дорог было строительство Санкт - Петербурга - Московской железной дороги длиной 644 км. Линия была начата в 1843 году и был 8 лет в стадии строительства: он был открыт для движения в ноябре 1851 г. Это была первая железная дорога в России принять 5 футов калибровочных (теперь стандарт).. Санкт - Петербург - Московская железная дорога была первым классом двойной зубец трек, который соединил крупнейшие промышленные и культурные центры страны. 185 мостов и 19 путепроводов были построены вдоль трассы , чтобы сделать его как прямая и ровная , как это возможно. PP Мельников и NO Крафт, как видные российские инженеры, были ответственны за строительство. 8. После окончания Крымской войны в 1856 году, строительство железных дорог в России развивается очень быстрыми темпами. Много новых железных дорогах были заложены в стране. Первая азиатская линия, на Кавказе, протяженностью более 300 км, был открыт в 1872 году связь между Черным и Каспийским морями была завершена к 1885 году , когда Транскаспийский была построена железная дорога. Действительно большое событие для развития российской экономики было начало Транссибирской магистрали. 9. К концу XIX века, более 30 000 км железнодорожных путей были заложены по всей обширной территории России. К 1913 году железнодорожная сеть страны были включены 25 государственных линий и 13 частных дорожек, принадлежащих различным компаниям. Хотя система железных дорог России был самым крупным в Европе, это было in¬adequate на большой территории и не удовлетворять растущие потребности народного хозяйства страны.

Результаты (английский) 2:

1. The construction of railways in Russia can be traced back to the second half of the eighteenth century. Road construction has been closely connected with the development of the mining industry.
2. Among the many works built in the Urals at the time, the most important and best equipped of them were Voskresensky Works. In these works, the first tramways in Russia were laid to link the mine and work. KD Frolov, highly skilled and talented engineer, participated in the construction of industrial tracks.
3. The next very important step forward was the use of iron rails, proposed by A. S. Yartsev, head of the Petrozavodsk work. In 1788, A 173.5m long track was built to meet the needs of their work.
4. In 1809, another line, with the help of iron rails were laid in the mountains of RK Altai Frolov, the son of KD Frolov. The line has a length of 1,867 m, and its technical equipment was significantly higher than all the railways built in Russia at that time. R. Frolov used elliptical track and was the first engineer, who used a graphical method for synchronizing the movement of the train.
5. It is very significant innovation, which contributed to the development of Russian Railways, was the introduction of steam traction. The first steam locomotive in the country was built Cherepanov, father and son, the most skilled and talented engineers of his time. Their invention, the first railways in Russia, with the use of steam traction was commissioned in Nizhny Tagil Iron and Steel Works in 1833 was a short line covering a distance only 854 m.
6. Some four years later, in October 1837, the first public railway Saint - Petersburg - Pavlovsk was built and opened to traffic. It was a 6-foot gauge line, 27 km long, built by Franz Anton Ritter von Gerstner. Locomotives were supplied Stephenson and Hackworth Company, England.
7. The most significant event in the history of Russian Railways was the construction of Saint - Petersburg - Moscow railway 644 km long. The line was launched in 1843 and has been 8 years in the construction phase: it was opened to traffic in November 1851 It was the first railway in Russia to 5 feet gauge (now standard) .. Saint - Petersburg - Moscow railroad was the first class double-prong track that connected the largest industrial and cultural centers of the country. 185 bridges and 19 overpasses were built along the route, to make it as straight and level, as it is possible. PP Melnikov and NO Kraft, a prominent Russian engineers who were responsible for the construction.
8. After the end of the Crimean War in 1856, the construction of railways in Russia is developing very rapidly. Many new railways were laid in the country. The first line of Asian, Caucasus, stretching over 300 km, was opened in 1872, the link between the Black and Caspian seas was completed by 1885 when the Trans-Caspian railway was built. Really a great event for the development of the Russian economy was the beginning of the Trans-Siberian Railway.
9. By the end of the XIX century, more than 30 000 km of railway tracks were laid on throughout the vast territory of Russia. By 1913, the country's railway network have been included 25 public and 13 private lines of tracks belonging to different companies. Although the system of Russian Railways was the largest in Europe, it was in¬adequate over a large area and do not meet the growing needs of the national economy.