ГЛАВА 1. ОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫИстория фо

ГЛАВА 1. ОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ

История формирования современного ареала
Центром происхождения колорадского жука (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) считают территорию, ограниченную восточными склонами Скалистых гор и северными районами современной Мексики [5]. Вегетативный период в этой аридной климатической зоне непродолжителен, развитие насекомых–фитофагов длится недолго, вследствие чего их популяции редко достигают значительной численности [6].
На данный момент нет определенного мнения относительно возраста вида. Имеются предположения о молодости рода Leptinotarsa и о том, что ряд видов, в том числе и L. decemlineata, дифференцировались недавно. Согласно одной из версий, это произошло в конце XVII – начале XVIII вв. [7]. Усилившиеся в начале XIX в. миграции населения способствовали переносу дикорастущих пасленовых и расширению ареала многих питающихся ими насекомых. Однако наибольшее преимущество получил вид L. decemlineata. Первые значительные повреждения картофеля этим жуком были отмечены в штате Небраска в 1855 г. Но особенно большой ущерб картофелеводству был нанесен в 1859 г. в штате Колорадо, откуда и началось интенсивное расселение жука, получившего название колорадский картофельный жук [8].
Переход колорадского жука на культурный картофель способствовал его интенсивному размножению и расселению, и вскоре жук приобрел значение опасного вредителя культуры картофеля.
Первый незамеченный очаг на Европейском континенте появился у берегов Франции. Предполагается, что в 1916-1918 гг. жук был случайно завезен на американских судах во французский порт Бордо; несмотря на немедленно принятые меры по ликвидации очагов его распространения, уничтожить вредителя полностью не удалось [9, 10].
На территории бывшего СССР первые очаги колорадского жука были отмечены в 1949 г. в Львовской области, но были ликвидированы [11, 12]. Вторичные массовые залеты жука стали происходить с 1953 г. До 1958 г. очаги на территории СССР носили изолированный характер, были малочисленны и ликвидировались [13].
Ареал вида за 150 лет расширился более чем в 3 тыс. раз (Фасулати, 2007). На 2009 г. ареал L. decemlineata в Северной Америке, Европе и Азии составлял более 16 млн. км2 против первоначальных 5 тыс. км2.
Колорадский жук характеризуется значительным внутривидовым полиморфизмом и экологической пластичностью [14]. Согласно современному взгляду на популяцию как на единицу эволюции и одновременно единицу управления видами, очевидна необходимость изучения этого инвазивного вида на популяционном уровне.
Основу для популяционных исследований дает анализ полиморфизма. Развитие понятия «полиморфизм» шло от определения Э. Форда, характеризующего его как «наличие в одном и том же местообитании двух или более дискретно отличающихся внутривидовых форм в таких количественных соотношениях, что самая редкая из них не может поддерживаться лишь давлением повторяющихся мутаций». На молекулярном же уровне организации живой материи полиморфизм трактуется как «наличие в популяции двух или более аллелей одного локуса, встречающегося с ощутимой частотой». Чаще всего за «ощутимую частоту» принимается частота какого-либо аллеля (либо в более широком понимании какого–либо признака) ≥ 1-5 % [15].

Методы борьбы с колорадским жуком
Для борьбы с колорадским жуком используют комплекс мероприятий, включающих агротехнические, карантинные, механические, химические и биологические методы защиты растений.
Агротехнические методы направлены на создание лучших условий для развития растений, повышения их устойчивости к воздействию вредных организмов. К таким приемам

Результаты (английский) 1:

CHAPTER 1. A REVIEW OF THE LITERATUREThe history of the modern rangeThe Centre of origin of the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) believe the territory bounded by the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains and the northern region of modern Mexico [5]. Vegetative period in this arid climatic zone short, the development of insect-species does not last long, due to which their populations seldom reach large numbers [6].At the moment no opinion regarding the age of the species. There has been some suggestion of a youthful kind Leptinotarsa and that a number of species, including l. decemlineata, had arisen recently. According to one version, it happened in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. [7]. The increased at the beginning of the 19th century migration contributed to migrating wild nightshades and the expansion of the range of many of their eating insects. However, the biggest advantage of got the hang of l. decemlineata. The first significant damage to the potato beetle were found in Nebraska in 1855 but particularly extensive damage was done to the potato in 1859, in Colorado, which began intense resettling the beetle, called the Colorado potato beetle [8].The transition of the Colorado potato beetle on cultural potatoes contributed to its intensive breeding and resettlement, and soon acquired importance beetle dangerous pest of potato culture.First unnoticed hearth on the European continent appeared off the coast of France. It is expected that in 1916-1918 Gg. the beetle has been accidentally introduced to American vessels in the French port of Bordeaux; Despite the immediate measures taken to eliminate pockets of its spread, destroying the pest is completely unable to [9, 10].On the territory of the former USSR first centers of Colorado potato beetle identified in 1949 in Lviv region, but were eliminated [11, 12]. Secondary mass dispersal beetle began to occur from 1953 to 1958 g. hotbeds in the USSR were isolated wore small and eliminated [13].Area for 150 years, has grown more than 3 thousand. times (Fasulati, 2007). The 2009 g. l. decemlineata area in North America, Europe and Asia was more than 16 million. against the initial 5 thousand km2. km2.Colorado potato beetle is characterized by significant intra-specific polymorphism and ecological plasticity [14]. According to the modern view of population as the unit of evolution and species management unit at the same time there is an obvious need for studying this invasive species at the population level.A framework for population-based research provides analysis of the polymorphism. Development of the concept of "polymorphism" went from defining e. Ford, characterizing it as "the presence in the same locality two or more discretely different varieties of forms in such quantitative ratios that most rare of them cannot be sustained only by the pressure of repeated mutations. At the molecular level to the Organization of living matter, polymorphism is interpreted as "the presence in the population of two or more alleles of one locus that appears with appreciable frequency". Most often for "tangible" frequency was adopted any frequency of allele (or more broadly any indication) ≥ 1-5% [15].Methods to control the Colorado potato beetleTo control the Colorado potato beetle use complex activities, including farming, quarantine, mechanical, chemical, and biological methods of plant protection.Agricultural practices are aimed at creating the best conditions for the development of plants, increasing their resistance to harmful organisms. Such techniques

Результаты (английский) 2:

CHAPTER 1. LITERATURE REVIEW The history of the present range of center of origin of the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa ​​decemlineata) is the area bounded by the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains and northern areas of modern Mexico. [5] The growing season in the arid climatic zone is short, the development of insect herbivores does not last long, so that their populations rarely reach large numbers [6]. At the moment, there is no definite opinion on the age of the species. There are assumptions about the kind of Leptinotarsa ​​youth and that a number of species, including L. decemlineata, differentiated recently. According to one version, it happened in the end of XVII - beginning of XVIII century. [7]. Efforts at the beginning of the XIX century. migration contributed to the transfer of wild Solanaceae and expansion of the range of many insects feed on them. However, the greatest advantage of the views received L. decemlineata. The first significant damage to potato beetle that were reported in Nebraska in 1855, but especially great damage to potato was done in 1859 in Colorado, where it began an intensive settlement of the beetle, known as the Colorado potato beetle. [8] The transition to the Colorado potato beetle Cultural potatoes contributed to his intensive breeding and resettlement, and soon gained importance dangerous beetle pest of potato crops. The first unnoticed focus on the European continent appeared off the coast of France. It is expected that in the 1916-1918 biennium. beetle was accidentally transported on American ships in the French port of Bordeaux; in spite of the immediate measures taken to eliminate hotbeds of its distribution, to destroy the pest completely failed [9, 10]. In the former USSR the first centers of the Colorado potato beetle were reported in 1949 in Lviv region, but were eliminated [11, 12]. Secondary mass zalety beetle began to occur in 1953 Until 1958 the centers in the Soviet Union were isolated incidents were few and were eliminated. [13] The range of species for 150 years increased by more than 3 thousand. Times (Fasulati, 2007). In 2009 L. decemlineata area in North America, Europe and Asia accounted for more than 16 million. Km2 against the initial 5 thousand. Km2. Colorado potato beetle is characterized by significant intraspecific polymorphism and ecological plasticity [14]. According to the modern view of the population as a unit of evolution and at the same time the control unit types, clear the need to study this invasive species at the population level. The basis for population studies gives polymorphism analysis. The development of the concept of "polymorphism" went on the definition of E. Ford, characterizing it as "a presence in the same locality of two or more discrete intraspecific forms differ in such proportions that the rarest of them can only be maintained pressure recurring mutations." At the molecular level, the organization of living matter polymorphism is interpreted as "the presence in the population of two or more alleles of a single locus, meets with appreciable frequency". Most often, for "appreciable frequency" accepted frequency of any allele (or in a broader sense any sign) ≥ 1-5% [15]. Methods of dealing with the Colorado beetle to control the Colorado potato beetle uses a set of measures, including agronomic, quarantine, mechanical, chemical and biological methods of plant protection. farming methods aimed at creating the best conditions for plant growth, increasing their resistance to pests. These techniques

Результаты (английский) 3:

chapter 1. a review of the literature history of modern


of the centre of origin of colorado beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) considered the territorylimited eastern slopes, rocky mountains and the northern region of mexico [5]. in this аридной climate vegetation period is short, the development of насекомых–фитофагов lasts long.therefore, their populations seldom reach large size [6]. at this point there is a certain views on the age of the species. there are assumptions about the youth of Leptinotarsa and that a number of species.including the and the. decemlineata, дифференцировались recently. according to one version of the story, it happened in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. [7]. the increased in the early 19th century.the migration of the population contributed to the transfer of wild пасленовых and expansion of many insects feeding on them. but the greatest advantage got kind of l. decemlineata.the first significant damage of the beetle were observed in nebraska in 1855 mr.. but especially big damage картофелеводству occurred in 1859. in the state of coloradowhere has begun intensive settlement of the beetle, known as the colorado potato beetle [8]. "the colorado potato beetle in the cultural transition to his intensive breeding and resettlementand soon the beetle has become important dangerous pest of potatoes.
the first unnoticed hearth on the european continent arrived off the coast of france. it is expected that in 1916 to 1918.the beetle was accidentally shipped on american vessels in the french port of bordeaux; despite the immediate steps taken to eliminate hotbeds of pests, destroy completely failed [9, 10].on the territory of the former soviet union the first colorado beetle foci were noted in 1949. in the lvov region, but were eliminated [11, 12]. the secondary mass залеты bug started in 1953. prior to 1958.hot spots on the territory of the ussr were isolated, were few and ликвидировались [13].
habitat type for 150 years has grown to more than 3000. time (фасулати, 2007). in 2009. habitat of l. decemlineata in north america