Первый и сразу орбитальный пилотиру

Первый и сразу орбитальный пилотируемый космический полёт выполнил 12 апреля 1961 года СССР, который стал первой космической сверхдержавой. Первый пилотируемый космический корабль «Восток» с первым космонавтом Юрием Алексеевичем Гагариным на борту совершил один виток вокруг планеты и благополучно доставил космонавта на Землю.

Второй (и одной из двух на последующие 4 десятилетия) страной, начавшей выполнять пилотируемые космические полёты, стали Соединённые Штаты Америки. Первый суборбитальный полёт космического корабля США «Меркурий-Редстоун-3» с астронавтом Аланом Шепардом осуществлён 5 мая 1961 года. 20 февраля 1962 года США провели первый орбитальный пилотируемый космический полёт корабля «Меркурий-Атлас-6» с астронавтом Джоном Гленном.

Уже через два года после начала освоения космоса человеком полетела первая женщина-космонавт — Валентина Владимировна Терешкова. Её полёт в одиночку на космическом корабле «Восток-6» состоялся 16 июня 1963 года. США осуществили первый полёт женщины-астронавта Салли Райд в составе смешанного экипажа в 1983 году.

Первый в мире выход в открытый космос из космического корабля в скафандре произвёл космонавт СССР Алексей Леонов 18 марта 1965 года, первый выход в космос женщины-космонавта сделала Светлана Савицкая в 1984 году.

По состоянию на 2008 год самый длительный 437-суточный космический полёт осуществил российский космонавт Валерий Поляков в январе 1994 — марте 1995 гг. Самый длительный общий налёт (803 суток) за несколько полётов имеет российский космонавт Сергей Крикалёв. Самое длительное непрерывное пребывание на орбите космонавтов и астронавтов (364 суток) произошло с сентября 1989 по август 1990 гг.

Первой и единственной страной, начавшей эксплуатацию пилотируемых многоразовых транспортных космических кораблей серии «Спейс Шаттл», стали США. Первый корабль этой серии «Колумбия» стартовал спустя ровно 20 лет после начала пилотируемой космонавтики — 12 апреля 1981 года. СССР провёл первый и последний запуск многоразового корабля «Буран» в 1988 году; впервые полёт челнока прошел в режиме автоматики, хотя «Буран» мог летать и под управлением экипажа.

Самая высокая орбита в 1374 км была достигнута при полёте американского корабля «Джемини-11» в 1966 году. Полёты кораблей «Спейс Шаттл» к орбитальному космическому телескопу «Хаббл» выполнялись по орбитам с высотой около 600 км. Наиболее же часто пилотируемые полёты выполняются на высотах от 200 до 300 км, именно на таком удалении от Земли совершает свой полёт и современная Международная космическая станция. Отметим, что по окончании программы «Спейс Шаттл» высоту полета МКС стали постепенно поднимать до значения около 400 км. Это связано с тем, что на такой высоте «трение» меньше, шаттлы же по баллистическим причинам могли летать к МКС лишь на высоту до 300 км.

Пилотируемые полёты за пределы земной орбиты выполнялись только астронавтами США по лунной пилотируемой космической программе «Аполлон». Первый полёт за пределы орбиты Земли выполнил в 1968 году экипаж космического корабля «Аполлон-8», совершивший облёт Луны. Посадка на Луну и возвращение на Землю выполнялась 6 раз астронавтами из экипажей кораблей США «Аполлон-11—17» (за исключением «Аполлон-13») с 16 июля 1969 года. Американская лунная пилотируемая программа была свёрнута после декабря 1972 года. В те же времена т. н. «лунной гонки» СССР много лет разрабатывал собственные лунно-облётную и лунно-посадочную пилотируемые космические программы, но, несмотря на полное выполнение в автоматическом режиме первой и высокую степень готовности второй, не завершил их.

Результаты (английский) 1:

The first and right orbital human spaceflight performed April 12, 1961, the SOVIET UNION, which became the first space superpower. First manned spaceship "Vostok" with the first cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin on board the poet made one revolution around the planet and safely delivered the astronaut on the ground.The second (and one of two for the next 4 decades) country, which carry out manned space flights, became the United States. The first suborbital flight of space ship United States "Mercury-Redstone 3" with astronaut Alan Shepherd when he put made May 5, 1961 year. February 20, 1962, the United States held the first orbital human spaceflight spacecraft Mercury-Atlas 6 "with astronaut John Glenn.Within two years after the start of space man flew the first woman cosmonaut, Valentina Tereshkova. Her flight alone on a spaceship "Vostok-6" was held June 16, 1963 year. United States have carried out the first flight of the female astronaut Sally Ride in the mixed crew in 1983 year.The world's first spacewalk of the space shuttle in a suit made of the USSR Alexey Leonov on March 18, 1965, first woman astronaut into space made Svetlana Savitskaya in 1984 year.As of 2008 the longest year 437-day space flight carried Russian cosmonaut Valery Polyakov in January 1994 and March 1995 Gg. The longest common RAID (803 days) for a few flights is Russian cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev. The longest continuous stay of cosmonauts and astronauts in orbit (364 days) occurred from September 1989 to August 1990 Gg.The first and only country that initiated the operation of manned transport spacecraft reusable space shuttle series, became the United States. The first ship in the series "Colombia" was launched exactly 20 years after the beginning of manned cosmonautics, April 12, 1981 year. The SOVIET UNION was the first and last launch reusable spacecraft Buran in 1988 year; for the first time a Shuttle flight took place in automation mode, although the Buran shuttle could fly and running crew.The highest orbit in 1374 km was reached in flight of the American vessel Gemini 11 "in 1966 year. Ships flying the space shuttle to the orbital space telescope Hubble orbits were performed with a height of about 600 km. Most often manned flights are performed at altitudes of 200 to 300 km, it is at a distance from Earth makes its maiden flight and the international space station. It should be noted that at the end of the space shuttle program, the height of the ISS began to gradually pick up to about 400 miles. This is due to the fact that at such height "friction" less shuttles as ballistic reasons to fly to the space station only to a height of 300 km.Manned flights beyond Earth's orbit were performed only by astronauts on Lunar manned space United States Apollo program. First flight beyond Earth's orbit in 1968, the crew of the spaceship Apollo 8 ", commits a lunar flyby. Landing on the Moon and return to Earth was performed 6 times by astronauts from the crews of ships United States Apollo 11-17» (with the exception of "Apollo 13") from July 16, 1969 year. American Lunar manned lunar program was canceled after the December 1972 year. At the same time the so-called "Lunar race" of the USSR many years developing their own Lunar-oblëtnuû and lunar-landing manned space program, but despite the full implementation in automatic mode first and a high degree of readiness of the second, did not complete them.

Результаты (английский) 2:

The first and immediately orbital manned spaceflight performed April 12, 1961 the Soviet Union, which became the first space superpower. The first manned spaceship "Vostok" with the first cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin on board made ​​one orbit around the planet and safely delivered astronaut on Earth. The second (and one of the two for the next 4 decades), the country began to carry out manned space flights have become the United States of America . The first suborbital flight of the spacecraft US "Mercury-Redstone 3" with astronaut Alan Shepard implemented May 5, 1961. February 20, 1962 the United States conducted the first manned orbital spaceflight ship "Mercury-Atlas 6" with astronaut John Glenn. Within two years after the beginning of human space exploration flew first woman cosmonaut - Valentina Tereshkova. Her flight alone in a spaceship "Vostok-6" was held June 16, 1963. US carried out the first flight of a female astronaut Sally Ride as part of a mixed crew in 1983. The world's first spacewalk of the spacecraft in a spacesuit made ​​a cosmonaut Alexei Leonov March 18, 1965, the first spacewalk female cosmonaut Svetlana Savitskaya made ​​in 1984. As of 2008, the longest 437-day space flight carried a Russian cosmonaut Valeri Polyakov in January 1994 - March 1995. The longest total flight (803 days) for a few flights a Russian cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev. The longest continuous stay in orbit cosmonauts and astronauts (364 days) occurred from September 1989 to August 1990's. The first and only country, which began operation manned Space Shuttle series "Space Shuttle", became the United States. The first ship of this series "Columbia" was launched exactly 20 years after the beginning of manned space flight - April 12, 1981. USSR spent the first and last launch for shuttle "Buran" in 1988; first shuttle flight took place in automatic mode, although "Buran" could fly and running crew. The highest orbit in 1374 km was achieved when flying the American ship "Gemini 11" in 1966. Flying Ship "Space Shuttle" to the orbiting space telescope "Hubble" performed in orbits with a height of about 600 km. Most often manned missions performed at altitudes of 200 to 300 km, it is at such a distance from the Earth completes its flight and modern International Space Station. Note that at the end of the "Space Shuttle" height of the ISS began gradually to rise to about 400 km. This is due to the fact that at such a height "friction" smaller shuttles same ballistic reasons could fly to the ISS only to a height of 300 km. manned missions beyond Earth's orbit is only carried out by astronauts on the lunar US manned space program "Apollo". The first flight beyond Earth's orbit carried out in 1968 the crew of the spaceship "Apollo 8" committed flyby of the moon. Landing on the moon and return to Earth was done 6 times by astronauts from the crews US "Apollo 11-17" (except for the "Apollo 13") from July 16, 1969. American manned lunar program was is minimized after December 1972. At the same times t. N. "Lunar race" of the USSR for many years to develop their own lunar-oblёtnuyu and lunar-landing manned space program, but, in spite of the full implementation of the automatic mode of the first and second high degree of readiness, did not complete it.

Результаты (английский) 3:

The first and immediately orbital manned space space flight has fulfilled on 12 April 1961, the USSR, which was the first space super-power .The first manned space spacecraft "East" with the first cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin Yavlinsky: on board committed one orbit around the planet and safely delivered cosmonaut on the ground.

The second (and one of the two on the subsequent 4 decades) the country, started to perform manned space flights, have become the United States of America.The first space shuttle flight adds another large U.S. "Mercury-Redstone-3" with an astronaut Alan Шепардом implemented on 5 May 1961.On 20 February 1962, the U.S. conducted the first orbital manned space flight space ship "Mercury-atlas-6" with an astronaut John webcasted presentation.

Already two years after the beginning of space man things the first woman cosmonaut - Gatchina is Russia Russian womanhood. The flight alone at the outer boat "East-6" was held on 16 June 1963.The United States undertook the first flight women astronaut Sally Ride in the mixed crew in 1983,.

The first in the world output in open space from the space shuttle in the induced failures had fired the USSR cosmonaut Alexei Leonov on 18 March 1965, the first woman in space, astronaut made a Svetlana language in 1984.

As of 2008, the longest 437-day space flight had carried out Russian cosmonaut Valery Polyakov in January 1994 - March 1995.The longest total flying hours (803 days) for a few flights has a Russian cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev.The longest continuous stay in orbit cosmonauts and astronauts (364 days) occurred from September 1989 to August 1990 gg.Lord first and only country,Okobank operation manned reusable transportation spacecraft series "Space Shuttle", have become the US.The first ship this series "Colombia" launched after exactly 20 years after the start manned space - 12 April 1981. The USSR was the first and last run shuttle "Buran" in 1988.The first shuttle flight was in automatic mode, although the "Buran" could fly and under the office crew.Lord the most high orbit in 1374 km was achieved during the flight the American ship "Gemini-11" in 1966.Fly the space shuttle to the orbital space telescope the Hubble telescope were performed in orbits with a height 600 km away. The most same often manned flights are performed at altitudes of 200 to 300 km,It is precisely at such a distance from the Land commits its flight and the international space station. It should be noted,That at the end of the program the Space Shuttle, ISS flight height gradually to raise up to the value 400 km away. This is due to the fact that, at such a height "friction" is lessShuttle service same on ballistic reasons to fly to the ISS only to the height 300 km.

Manned flights beyond Earth orbit were carried out only on the US astronauts lunar manned space program "Apollo".The first helicopter flight beyond Earth's orbit has complied with in 1968, the crew of a spacecraft was "Apollo-8 ", who commits circling the Moon.Landing on the Moon and return to Earth was carried out 6 times astronauts from crews ships the U.S. "Apollo-11- 17" (with the exception of "Apollo 13 ") from 16 July 1969.The American art print on canvas --- agniart.ru to Russian variant program was phased out after December 1972. At the same time, etc.. H."The Lunar race" of the USSR many years drafted its own moonlight облетную and moonlight the mating manned space program, but,In spite of the full implementation of the automatic mode first and a high degree of commitment the second, has not completed their.