Компьютер (англ. соmputег — «вычисл

Компьютер (англ. соmputег — «вычислитель») — машина для проведения вычислений. При помощи вычислений компьютер способен обрабатывать информацию по заранее определенному алгоритму. Кроме того, большинство компьютеров способны сохранять информацию и осуществлять поиск информации, выводить информацию на различные виды устройств выдачи информации. Свое название компьютеры получили по своей основной функции — проведению вычислений. Однако в настоящее время полагают, что основные функции компьютеров — обработка информации и управление.
Основные принципы: выполнение поставленных перед ним задач компьютер может обеспечивать при помощи перемещения каких-либо механических частей, потоков электронов, фотонов, квантовых частиц или за счет использования эффектов от любых других хорошо изученных физических явлений.
Наибольшее распространение среди компьютеров получили так называемые электронно-вычислительные машины, ЭВМ. Собственно, для подавляющего большинства людей «электронно-вычислительные машины» и «компьютеры» стали словами-синонимами, хотя на самом деле это не так. Наиболее распространенный тип компьютеров — электронный персональный компьютер.
Архитектура компьютеров может непосредственно моделировать решаемую проблему, максимально близко (в смысле описания) отражая исследуемые физические явления. Так, электронные потоки могут использоваться в моделей потоков воды при моделировании дамб или плотин. Подобным образом сконструированные аналоговые компьютеры были обычны в 60-х годах XX века, однако сегодня стали достаточно редким явлением.
В большинстве современных компьютеров проблема сначала описывается в математических терминах, при этом вся необходимая информация представляется в двоичной форме (в виде единиц и нулей), после чего действия по ее обработке сводятся к применению простой алгебры логики. Поскольку практически вся математика может быть сведена к выполнению булевых операций, достаточно быстрый электронный компьютер может быть применим для решения большинства математических задач (а также и большинства задач по обработке информации, которые могут быть легко сведены к математическим).
Было обнаружено, что компьютеры все-таки могут решить не любую математическую задачу. Впервые задачи, которые не могут быть решены при помощи компьютеров, были описаны английским математиком Аланом Тьюрингом.
Результат выполненной задачи может быть представлен пользователю при помощи различных устройств ввода-вывода информации, таких, как ламповые индикаторы, мониторы, принтеры и т. п.
Начинающие пользователи и особенно дети зачастую с трудом воспринимают идею того, что компьютер — просто машина и не может самостоятельно «думать» или «понимать» те слова, которые он показывает. Компьютер лишь механически отображает заданные программой линии и цвета при помощи устройств ввода-вывода. Человеческий мозг сам признает в изображенном на экране образы, числа или слова и придает им те или иные значения.
Впервые трактовка слова «компьютер» появилась в 1897 году в Оксфордском английском словаре. Его составители тогда понимали компьютер как механическое вычислительное устройство. В 1946 году словарь пополнился дополнениями, позволяющими разделить понятия цифрового, аналогового и электронного компьютеров.
Первые компьютеры создавались исключительно для вычислений (что отражено в названиях «компьютер» и «ЭВМ»). Даже самые примитивные компьютеры в этой области во много раз превосходят людей (если не считать некоторых уникальных людей-счетчиков). Не случайно первым высокоуровневым языком программирования был Фортран, предназначенный исключительно для выполнения расчетов.
Вторым крупным применением были базы данных. Прежде всего, они были нужны правительствам и банкам. Базы данных требуют уже более сложных компьютеров с развитыми системами ввода-вывода и хранения информации. Для этих целей был разработан язык Кобол. Позже появились СУБД со своими собственными языками программирования.
Третьим применением было управление всевозможными устройствами. Здесь развитие шло от узкоспециализированных устройств (часто аналоговых) к постепенному внедрению стандартных компьютерных систем, на которых запускаются управляющие программы. Кроме того, все большая часть техники начинает включать в себя управляющий компьютер.
Наконец, компьютеры развились настолько, что компьютер стал главным информационным инструментом как в офисе, так и дома, т. е. теперь почти любая работа с информацией осуществляется через компьютер — будь то набор текста или просмотр фильмов. Это относится и к хранению информации, и к ее пересылке по каналам связи.
Наиболее сложным и слаборазвитым применением компьютеров является искусственный интеллект — применение компьютеров для решения таких задач, где нет четко определенного более или менее простого алгоритма. Примеры таких задач — игры, машинный перевод текста, экспертные системы.

Результаты (английский) 1:

Computer (Engl. somputeg — "Calculator") is a machine to perform calculations. Using calculations the computer can process information on a predetermined algorithm. In addition, most computers can store information and to search for information, display information on different kinds of information devices. Its name computers received its primary function is to conduct calculations. At present, however, it is believed that the basic functions of computers, information processing and management.Basic principles: the execution of its tasks, the computer can ensure by any moving mechanical parts, electrons, photons, quantum particles, or through the use of effects from any other well-characterized physical phenomena.Among the most common computers got the so-called electronic-calculating machines, computers. In fact, for the vast majority of people "electronic computers and computers have become words, synonyms, although in reality it is not. The most common type of computers — electronic personal computer.Computer architecture can directly simulate being a problem, as close as possible (in the sense of describing) reflecting investigated physical phenomena. So, electronic threads can be used in models for modeling water flow levees or dams. Similarly constructed analog computers were usual in the 60-ies of XX century, but today have become quite rare.In most modern computers problem first described in mathematical terms, with all the necessary information is submitted in binary form (in the form of ones and zeros), then its actions are limited to processing the application of simple algebra of logic. Since almost all of mathematics can be reduced to performing Boolean operations, sufficiently fast electronic computer can be used to solve most math problems (as well as most of the information processing task that can easily be reduced to a mathematical). It was found that the computers can still decide not to any math problem. First task, which cannot be solved with the help of computers, were described by the English mathematician Alan Turing.The result of the executed tasks may be presented to the user through the various i/o devices information, such as the lamp indicators, monitors, printers, etc.Novice users and especially children are often difficult to perceive the idea that a computer is just a machine and cannot "think" or "understand" the words that it shows. Computer only mechanical displays the specified program lines and colors using i/o devices. The human brain itself recognizes, pictured on the screen images, numbers, or words and gives them some values.For the first time, the interpretation of the word "computer" appeared in the year 1897 in the Oxford English Dictionary. Its drafters then understood the computer as a mechanical computing device. In 1946 year dictionary enriched with supplements, allowing to share the concept of digital, analog and electronic computers.The first computers were created exclusively for computing (which is reflected in the names of "computer" and "computers"). Even the most primitive computers in this area many times more people (if you don't count some unique people-counters). Not accidentally the first high-level programming language was Fortran, designed solely to perform calculations.The second major use were database. First of all, they need Governments and banks. Databases require more complex computers already developed systems, i/o, and storage of information. For this purpose was developed language Cobol. Later came the DBMS with their own programming languages.The third application was managing all sorts of devices. Here development progressed from highly specialized devices (often analog) to a gradual introduction of standard computer systems that run the control program. In addition, an increasing proportion of technology begins to include the management computer.Finally, computers have evolved so that the computer has become the main information tool both in the Office and at home, that is now almost any job with information takes place via computer — whether typing or watching movies. This also applies to the storage of information, and its sending electronically.The most difficult and underdeveloped computer is artificial intelligence is to use computers to solve such problems, where there are no clearly defined more or less simple algorithm. Examples of such tasks, games, machine translation, expert systems text.

Результаты (английский) 2:

Computer (Eng. Somputeg - "calculator") - a machine for performing calculations. With computing computer can process information at a predetermined algorithm. In addition, most of the computers are able to store information and to search for information, display information on different types of devices providing information. The name of the computer received in its basic function - carrying out calculations. Currently, however, it believes that the main function of computers - data processing and management.
Basic principles: the implementation of its tasks the computer can provide by moving any mechanical parts, streams of electrons, photons, quantum particles or by using the effects of any other well-studied physical phenomena.
The most common among computers received the so-called electronic computers, computers. In fact, for the vast majority of people "electronic computers" and "computers" were synonymous, when in fact it is not. The most common type of computer - electronic personal computer.
The architecture of computers can simulate directly solve the problem, as close as possible (in the sense of the description) reflecting the studied physical phenomena. Thus, the electron beams can be used in models of water flow in the modeling of dams or dikes. Similarly designed analog computers were common in the 60-ies of XX century, but today have become quite rare.
In most modern computer problem first described in mathematical terms, with all the necessary information is provided in binary form (in the form of ones and zeros) followed by action on its processing are reduced to simple algebra of logic. Since virtually all of mathematics can be reduced to perform Boolean operations, is fast enough electronic computer can be used to solve most mathematical problems (as well as most of the tasks of information processing, which can be easily reduced to a mathematical).
It was found that all-computers still can not solve any math problem. The first problem that can not be solved by computers, have been described by English mathematician Alan Turing.
Task results can be presented to the user by means of various input and output devices information, such as tube lights, monitors, printers, and so on. f.
Beginners users, especially children often have difficulty accepting the idea that a computer - just a machine and can not independently "think" or "understand" the words that he shows. The computer displays only mechanically defined program of line and color using the input-output devices. The human brain itself recognizes in the images shown on the screen, or the number of words and gives them a certain value.
The first interpretation of the word "computer" appeared in 1897 in the Oxford English dictionary. Its drafters then understood as a mechanical computer computing device. In 1946, the dictionary added additions that allow to divide the concept of digital, analog and electronic computers.
The first computers were created solely for the calculation (which is reflected in the names of "computer" and "computer"). Even the most primitive computer in this field many times the people (not counting some unique people-meters). It is no accident the first high-level programming language Fortran was designed exclusively to perform calculations.
The second major use of the database had. First of all, they needed to governments and banks. Databases are demanding more complex computer systems with advanced IO and storage. For this purpose a COBOL language. Later, there DBMS with its own programming language.
The third application was to manage all sorts of devices. It came from the development of highly specialized devices (often analog) for the gradual introduction of standard computer systems on which to run the control program. In addition, more and more of the art begins to include a control computer.
Finally, computers have evolved so that the computer has become the main information tool in the office and at home, t. e. Now almost any work with information through a computer - whether it is typing or watching movies. This also applies to the storage of information and its delivery via the communication channels.
The most difficult and underdeveloped use of computers is an artificial intelligence - the use of computers to solve such problems, where there is no clearly defined, more or less simple algorithm. Examples of such tasks - games, machine translation, expert systems.

Результаты (английский) 3:

The computer (imp. соmputег - "the calculator") - the machine to carry out calculations. With the assistance computing the computer is able to process information on a pre-defined algorithm. In addition,Most computers are able to store information and to search for information, to display information on the various types of devices for issuing information.Its name computers have received on its main function - the computing. Currently, however, it is believed that the basic functions computers - information processing and management.
the main principles:The tasks assigned to it to ensure that the computer can move with no mechanical parts, flows of electrons, photons,Quantum particles or through the use of effects from any other well-studied physical phenomena.
the most prevalent among computers have received the so-called electronic computing machines, computers.In fact, for the vast majority of the people "electronics and computing machine" and "computers" have become words, synonyms, although this is not the case.The most common type computers - electronic personal computer.
architecture computers can directly simulate particular interest problem,As close as possible (in the sense descriptions) reflecting the physical phenomenon. For example, electronic streams can be used in models to simulate water flow dams or dams.Similarly, designed analog computers were rainbow warrior in the 60-s, twentieth century, however, today have become quite rare.
In the most modern computers the problem first described in mathematical terms, if this all of the necessary information is submitted in binary form (in the form of ones and zeros).After which action for its processing are limited to the application of a simple algebra of logic. Since almost all mathematics can be reduced to the boolean operations,Fast enough electronic computer may be applicable to the majority of mathematical tasks (as well as most of the tasks and the processing of information, which can be easily reduced to a mathematical).
It was found that computers still may decide not any mathematical task. For the first task, which may not be resolved by using computers, were described english famous Alan Тьюрингом.
The result performed tasks can be presented to the user with the assistance of various i/o devices, such as incandescent lights, monitors, printers, etc.
Beginner users and, in particular, children are often difficult to perceive the idea, that the computer is just a machine and could not on their own "think" or "understand" the words that he shows.The computer only mechanically displays defined the program lines and colors, using i/o devices. The human brain itself recognizes, in shown on the screen images,The number of or the words and attached them to those or other values.
the first interpretation the words "computer" appeared in 1897, the Oxford English Dictionary.Its drafters then understand the computer as a mechanical computing device. In 1946, added dictionary additions, allowing separate concepts of digital, analog and electronic computers.
The first computers were created exclusively for the calculation (which is reflected in the names "Computer" and "Computer" ).Even the most primitive computers in this area are many times better than people (if you do not take it some unique people-counters). It is no coincidence that the first high-level programming language was Fortran,Designed exclusively for performing calculations.
The second major use of the database. First of all, they were needed to governments and banks.Database require is already more complex computers with developed systems i/o and storage of information. For these purposes was developed language Кобол.At a later time DBMS have emerged with their own programming languages.
the third application was the office initiates its devices.Here we have evolved from specialized devices (often analog) to the gradual implementation of the standard computer systems, which run on the control program. In addition,All the majority of technology starts to include the control computer.
Finally, computers have evolved so that the computer has become the main information tool both in the office and at home, i.e.It is now almost any work with the information can be accessed through the computer - whether it is a set text or watch movies. This also applies to the storage of information, and to its forwarding the communication channels.
The most complex, and underdeveloped the use of computers is an artificial intelligence - the use of computers for such tasks, where there is no clearly-defined more or less simple algorithm.Examples of such tasks, games, machine text translation, expert systems.