22. Россия в первой мировой войне:

22. Россия в первой мировой войне: основные этапы, события и итоги.

Отправной точкой в истории войны, позже названной Первой мировой, считается 1914 год (28 июля), а завершением - 1918 год (11 ноября). Участие в ней взяли многие страны мира, разделённые на два лагеря:
- Антанта (блок, изначально состоявший из Франции, Англии, России, к которым через некоторый промежуток времени присоединились также Италия, Румыния, и множество других стран)
- Четверной Союз (Австро-Венгерская империя, Германия, Болгария, Османская Империя).

Если описывать отрезок истории, известный нам как Первая мировая война, кратко, то его можно разделить на три этапа: начальный, когда на арену действий вышли основные страны-участницы, средний, когда ситуация повернулась в пользу Антанты, и заключительный, когда Германия и её союзники окончательно утратили свои позиции и капитулировали.
ПЕРВЫЙ ЭТАП
Война началась с убийства Франца-Фердинанда (наследника Империи Габсбургов) и его жены сербским террористом-националистом Гаврилой Принципом. Убийство привело к конфликту между Сербией и Австрией, и, собственно, послужило поводом для начала войны, давно назревающей в Европе. Австрию в этой войне поддержала Германия.
ВТОРОЙ ЭТАП
Активизировался Западный фронт: тут в 1915 году возобновились ожесточённые бои между Францией и Германией. Силы были равны, и линия фронта почти не изменилась под конец года, хотя и одна. и другая сторона понесли значительный урон. На Восточном же фронте ситуация изменилась к худшему для русских: немцы совершили Горлицкий прорыв, отвоевав у России Галицию и Польшу. К осени линия фронта стабилизировалась: теперь она проходила почти по довоенной границе между Австро-Венгерской империей и Россией.
В 1915 году (23 мая) в войну вступила Италия. Сначала она огласила войну Австро-Венгрии, но вскоре Болгария тоже присоединилась к боевым действиям, выступив против Антанты, что в итоге привело к падению Сербии.
В 1916 году произошло Верденское сражение, одна из самых масштабных битв в этой войне. Операция длилась с конца февраля до середины декабря; во время этого противостояния между немецкими войсками, утратившими 450 солдат, и англо-французскими силами, понёсшими потери в 750 человек, был впервые применён огнемет. На Западном русском фронте русскими войсками был совершён Брусиловский прорыв, после чего Германия перебросила туда большую часть своих войск, что сыграло на руку Англии и Франции. На воде в это время тоже велись ожесточённые баталии. Так, весной 1916 года произошло крупное Ютландское сражение, укрепившие позиции Антанты. В конце года Четверной союз, утративший доминирующее положение в войне, предложил перемирие, которое Антанта отклонила.
ТРЕТИЙ ЭТАП
В 1917 году к союзным силам присоединились США. Антанта была близка к победе, но Германия держала стратегическую оборону на суше, а также попыталась атаковать силы Англии с помощью подводного флота. Россия в октябре 1917 года, после Революции, уже практически полностью вышла из войны, поглощена внутренними проблемами. Германия ликвидировала Восточный фронт, подписав перемирие с Россией, Украиной и Румынией. В марте 1918 года между Россией и Германией был заключён Брестский мирный договор, условия которого оказались крайне тяжёлыми для последней, однако вскоре этот договор аннулировали. Под Германией всё ещё оставалась Прибалтика, часть Беларуси и Польша; основные военные силы страна перебросила на запад, но, вместе с Австрией (империей Габсбургов), Болгарией и Турцией (Османской империей) потерпела поражение от войск Антанты. Окончательно истощённая Германия была вынуждена подписать Акт о капитуляции - случилось это в 1918 году, 11 ноября. Эта дата считается завершением войны

Результаты (английский) 1:

22. Russia in the first World War: the main stages, events and outcomes. The starting point in the history of war, later called the first world, is considered the year 1914 (28 July), and the completion of the-year 1918 (11 November). It took part in many countries of the world divided into two camps:-Entente (block, initially consisting of France, Britain, Russia, to which over a period of time also joined Italy, Romania and many other countries)-Quadruple Alliance (the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Germany, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire).If we describe the stretch of history, known to us as the first world war, briefly, it can be divided into three stages: initial, when the arena of action left the main participating countries, average when the situation turned in favor of the entente, and final when Germany and its allies finally lost their positions and capitulated. THE FIRST STAGEThe war began with the assassination of Franz Ferdinand (heir to the Habsburg empire) and his wife, Serbian-nationalist Heir. The killing led to conflict between Serbia and Austria, and, in fact, led to the outbreak of war, has long been perceived in Europe. Austria supported Germany in this war.THE SECOND STAGEIntensified Western Front: here in 1915 year renewed fierce fighting between France and Germany. The forces were equal, and the front line almost unchanged at the end of the year, although one. and the other side suffered extensive damage. On the East front, the situation changed for the worse for the Russians: the Germans committed Gorlice, Russia conquered Galicia and Poland. By the autumn of frontline has stabilized: it was now almost on the pre-war border between the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Russia. In the year 1915 (May 23) Italy entered the war. First she announced the war to Austria-Hungary, but soon Bulgaria also joined the fighting opposing Entente, which eventually led to the fall of Serbia. In 1916 there was the battle of Verdenskoe, one of the biggest battles in this war. The operation lasted from late February to mid-December; During this confrontation between the German forces have lost 450 soldiers and Anglo-French forces, ponësšimi loss in 750 people was first used a flamethrower. In the West the Russian front by Russian troops was made Brusilovsky breakthrough, after which Germany thrown back most of their troops, which played into the hands of England and France. On the water at this time, too, fought fierce battles. So, in the spring of 1916 year major Jutland, strengthened the position of the Entente. Quadruple Alliance by the end of the year, lost its dominant position in the war, offered a truce, which the allies had rejected. THE THIRD STAGEВ 1917 году к союзным силам присоединились США. Антанта была близка к победе, но Германия держала стратегическую оборону на суше, а также попыталась атаковать силы Англии с помощью подводного флота. Россия в октябре 1917 года, после Революции, уже практически полностью вышла из войны, поглощена внутренними проблемами. Германия ликвидировала Восточный фронт, подписав перемирие с Россией, Украиной и Румынией. В марте 1918 года между Россией и Германией был заключён Брестский мирный договор, условия которого оказались крайне тяжёлыми для последней, однако вскоре этот договор аннулировали. Под Германией всё ещё оставалась Прибалтика, часть Беларуси и Польша; основные военные силы страна перебросила на запад, но, вместе с Австрией (империей Габсбургов), Болгарией и Турцией (Османской империей) потерпела поражение от войск Антанты. Окончательно истощённая Германия была вынуждена подписать Акт о капитуляции - случилось это в 1918 году, 11 ноября. Эта дата считается завершением войны

Результаты (английский) 2:

. 22. Russia in the First World War: the main stages, events and results

The starting point in the history of the war, later called the First World, is considered to be 1914 (28 July), and the completion - 1918 (11 November). Participation in it took many countries of the world, divided into two camps
- the Entente (unit initially consisted of France, England, Russia, which after some time joined by Italy, Romania and many other countries)
- Quadruple Alliance (Austro . Hungarian Empire, Germany, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire)

to describe a segment of history, known to us as the First World war, briefly, it can be divided into three stages: primary, when the arena of action left the main participating countries, the average, when the situation turned in favor of the allies, and the final, when Germany and its allies finally lost his position and surrendered.
FIRST STAGE
The war began with the murder of Franz Ferdinand (heir to the Habsburg Empire) and his wife, a Serbian terrorist nationalist Gavrilo Princip. The killing led to a conflict between Serbia and Austria, and, in fact, was the reason for the war, for a long time brewing in Europe. Austria in this war supported Germany.
SECOND STAGE
Activated Western Front: here in 1915, fierce fighting resumed between France and Germany. The forces were equal, and the front line is almost unchanged at the end of the year, although one. and the other side had suffered significant damage. On the Eastern front, the situation has changed for the worse for the Russian Germans committed Gorlizki breakthrough win from Galicia and Russian Poland. By the fall of the front line stabilized: now it took almost pre-war border between the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Russia.
In 1915 (23 May) in Italy entered the war. First, she announced war on Austria-Hungary, but soon Bulgaria also joined the fighting, speaking against the Entente, which eventually led to the downfall of Serbia.
In 1916, there was the battle of Verdun, one of the largest battles in this war. The operation lasted from late February to mid-December; During this confrontation between German troops have lost 450 soldiers, and the Anglo-French forces ponёsshimi loss of 750 people, was first used a flamethrower. In the West the Russian front the Russian troops was committed Brusilov breakthrough, after which Germany has deployed to most of its troops that played into the hands of Britain and France. On the water at this time, too, were fierce battles. So, in the spring of 1916 there was a major battle of Jutland, to strengthen the position of the Entente. At the end of the year the Quadruple Alliance, lost its dominant position in the war, offered a truce, which the Allies rejected.
THIRD STAGE
In 1917, the United States joined the Allied forces. The Entente was close to victory, but Germany holding strategic defense on the ground and tried to attack the British forces with the help of the submarine fleet. Russia in October 1917, after the Revolution, is almost completely out of the war, absorbed by internal problems. Germany eliminated the Eastern Front signed a truce with Russia, Ukraine and Romania. In March 1918, between Russia and Germany was signed the Brest peace treaty, the terms of which were very severe for the latter, but this was soon canceled the contract. Under Germany still remained the Baltic States, part of Belarus and Poland; the main military forces has thrown the country to the west, but, together with Austria (Habsburg Empire), Bulgaria and Turkey (Ottoman Empire) was defeated by the Allied forces. Finally Exhausted Germany was forced to sign the act of surrender - this happened in 1918, on 11 November. This date is considered the end of the war

Результаты (английский) 3:

22. russia in the first world war, milestones, events and outcomes.the starting point in the history of the first world war, later named as 1914 (28 july), and the completion of the - 1918 (11 november). she took part in many countries of the world into two camps:- entente (block, who was originally from france, england, russia, which in some time interval, also joined italy, romania, and many other countries)is the quadruple alliance (the austro hungarian empire, germany, bulgaria, and the ottoman empire).if the description of the history, known as the first world war, briefly, it can be divided into three stages: the initial stage, when the action are the main countries, average when the situation turned in favor of war, and the final, when germany and her allies have lost their positions and surrendered.the first phasethe war began with the assassination of franz ferdinand (heir to the habsburg empire) and his wife, a serbian nationalist gavrilo principle. the murder has led to conflict between serbia and austria, and, in fact, led to the outbreak of war, has long been perceived in europe. austria in the war was germany.the second phaseintensified the western front in 1915, there was fierce fighting between france and germany. the forces are equal, and the front line remained almost unchanged at the end of the year, although one. and the other party suffered considerable damage. in the east, the situation has changed for the worse for the russians, germans made sandovich breakthrough, having won at avers галицию russia and poland. the fall of the front line stabilized. now she was almost to the pre war border between the austro hungarian empire and russia.in 1915 (23 may) in the war had entered italy. first, it announced the war against austria hungary, bulgaria, too, but soon joined the military hostilities, opposing the war, which eventually led to the fall of serbia.in 1916 was werden battle, one of the largest battles in this war. the operation lasted from late february to mid december. during the confrontation between german troops, null 450 soldiers, and the anglo french forces понёсшими losses in 750, was first used a flamethrower. in the west the russian front russian forces came brusilov offensive, after which germany has moved there for most of their forces that played into the hands of england and france. in the water at this time, too, fought fierce battles. so, in the spring of 1916 was a major battle of jutland that has solidified the position of war. at the end of the year the quadruple alliance, has lost the dominant position in the war, offered a truce, which rejected the pact.the third phasein 1917 to the allied forces in the united states. entente was close